Abstract This article reviews recent progress in theoretical studies of dressed photons. For providing concrete physical images of dressed photons, several experimental studies are demonstrated. They are applications of dressed photons to novel optical functional devices, nano-fabrication technologies, energy conversion technologies, and photon breeding devices. After these experimental demonstrations, as the main part of this review, quantum-field theoretical formulation of dressed photons is attempted in use of the newly introduced Clebsch-dual variable of electromagnetic field. The reason for introducing the new formulation will be explained in the final section from the viewpoint to exhibit the contrast between free and interacting quantum fields in regard to their energy-momentum supports which are seldom touched upon (or forgotten) in the common physical discussions about quantum fields.

中文翻译：

---

在壳外量子场的新范式中修饰光子

摘要 本文综述了修饰光子理论研究的最新进展。为了提供修饰光子的具体物理图像，展示了一些实验研究。它们是修饰光子在新型光学功能器件、纳米制造技术、能量转换技术和光子育种装置中的应用。在这些实验证明之后，作为本综述的主要部分，尝试使用新引入的电磁场 Clebsch-对偶变量来对修饰光子进行量子场理论表述。