SUMMARY Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica includes several serovars infecting both humans and other animals and leading to typhoid fever or gastroenteritis. The high prevalence of associated morbidity and mortality, together with an increased emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, is a current global health issue that has prompted the development of vaccination strategies that confer protection against most serovars. Currently available systemic vaccine approaches have major limitations, including a reduced effectiveness in young children and a lack of cross-protection among different strains. Having studied host-pathogen interactions, microbiologists and immunologists argue in favor of topical gastrointestinal administration for improvement in vaccine efficacy. Here, recent advances in this field are summarized, including mechanisms of bacterial uptake at the intestinal epithelium, the assessment of protective host immunity, and improved animal models that closely mimic infection in humans. The pros and cons of existing vaccines are presented, along with recent progress made with novel formulations. Finally, new candidate antigens and their relevance in the refined design of anti-Salmonella vaccines are discussed, along with antigen vectorization strategies such as nanoparticles or secretory immunoglobulins, with a focus on potentiating mucosal vaccine efficacy.

发明内容 肠道沙门氏菌亚种肠道包括数种同时感染人类和其他动物并导致伤寒或肠胃炎的血清型。相关的发病率和死亡率的高流行以及多重耐药菌株的出现正在增加，这是当前的全球健康问题，这促使人们制定了可针对大多数血清型提供保护的疫苗接种策略。当前可用的全身疫苗方法具有主要局限性，包括对幼儿的有效性降低以及不同菌株之间缺乏交叉保护。在研究了宿主与病原体之间的相互作用之后，微生物学家和免疫学家争辩说，通过局部胃肠道给药可以提高疫苗效力。在此，总结了该领域的最新进展，包括肠道上皮细菌吸收的机制，评估保护性宿主的免疫力，并改进动物模型，以模仿人类的感染。介绍了现有疫苗的优缺点，以及新型制剂的最新进展。最后，新的候选抗原及其在抗-抗精制设计中的相关性讨论了沙门氏菌疫苗，以及抗原载体化策略（例如纳米颗粒或分泌性免疫球蛋白），重点是增强粘膜疫苗功效。