Antibiotics are widely found in aquatic ecosystems and pose a serious threat to human and the ecological system. Samples of surface water (SW), overlying water (OW), pore water (PW) and sediments (Sedi) were collected to investigate the spatial variability, potential sources, ecological risk (RQs) and health risks (HQs) of nine common antibiotics in Baiyangdian Lake using positive matrix factorization (PMF), and Monte Carlo simulation. Significant spatial autocorrelation of most antibiotics were observed in PW and Sedi samples rather than in SW and OW samples, and higher antibiotic levels were found in the northwest of waters and the southwest of sediments. Livestock (26.74–35.57%) and aquaculture (21.62–37.70%) were identified as primary sources of antibiotics in the water and sediments. Norfloxacin and roxithromycin showed high levels of RQ and HQ in more than 50% of samples, respectively. The combined RQ (ΣRQ) in the PW can be used as a sign of across multimedia risk. Notably, appreciable health risks were observed for the combined HQ (ΣHQ) in about 80% of samples, indicating the importance of taking health risk of antibiotics into consideration. The findings of this work provides a reference for antibiotics pollution control and risk management in shallow lake.

抗生素广泛存在于水生生态系统中，对人类和生态系统构成严重威胁。收集地表水（SW）、上覆水（OW）、孔隙水（PW）和沉积物（Sedi）样本，研究九种常见抗生素的空间变异性、潜在来源、生态风险（RQ）和健康风险（HQ）在白洋淀中使用正矩阵分解（PMF）和蒙特卡罗模拟。大多数抗生素在 PW 和 Sedi 样品中观察到显着的空间自相关性，而不是在 SW 和 OW 样品中，并且在水域西北部和沉积物西南部发现了较高的抗生素水平。畜牧业（26.74-35.57%）和水产养殖（21.62-37.70%）被确定为水和沉积物中抗生素的主要来源。诺氟沙星和罗红霉素分别在超过 50% 的样品中显示出高水平的 RQ 和 HQ。PW中的组合RQ（ΣRQ）可以用作跨多媒体风险的标志。值得注意的是，在约 80% 的样本中观察到组合 HQ (ΣHQ) 存在明显的健康风险，这表明考虑抗生素健康风险的重要性。研究结果为浅水湖泊抗生素污染控制和风险管理提供参考。