The development of flexible nanogenerators that can convert passively generated environmental energy into electricity is crucial for sustainable energy generation. Herein, we rationally designed a polymer-nanoparticle-liquid (PNL) ternary composite, comprising polydopamine-modified barium titanate nanoparticles (PDA-BTO NPs) doped polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane (PFOES) liquid nanodroplets, for application in piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs). The inter-discrete PFOES nanodroplets enabled the formation of a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold matrix in the ternary composite, which is highly beneficial for the stress transfer of PENGs. Finite-element analysis revealed that the ternary composite had a remarkably improved stress transfer ability due to the incorporation of highly deformable PFOES liquid nanodroplets, which increased the net stress exerted on PDA-BTO NPs and the PVDF matrix. The PNL composite-based PENG (PNL-PENG) device exhibited an enhanced piezoelectric performance, achieving an output voltage, current, and power density of 102 V, 10 µA, and 70 μW/cm², respectively, which are record-high results compared to those achieved by binary composite-based PENGs. Moreover, the PNL-PENG also demonstrated tremendous potential to function as a highly sensitive tactile perception tool for shape recognition. The concept of PNL-PENG devices represents a milestone in the domain of human-machine interaction, taking a significant step toward the advancement of flexible and wearable electronics.

开发能够将被动产生的环境能源转化为电能的柔性纳米发电机对于可持续能源生产至关重要。在此，我们合理设计了一种聚合物-纳米颗粒-液体 (PNL) 三元复合材料，包括聚多巴胺改性钛酸钡纳米颗粒 (PDA-BTO NPs) 掺杂的聚偏二氟乙烯 (PVDF) 和 1H,1H,2H,2H-全氟癸基三乙氧基硅烷 (PFOES)液态纳米液滴，用于压电纳米发电机 (PENG) 中的应用。相互离散的 PFOES 纳米液滴能够在三元复合材料中形成三维 (3D) 支架矩阵，这对 PENG 的应力传递非常有利。有限元分析表明，由于掺入了高度可变形的 PFOES 纳米液滴，三元复合材料具有显着改善的应力传递能力，这增加了施加在 PDA-BTO NP 和 PVDF 基质上的净应力。基于 PNL 复合材料的 PENG (PNL-PENG) 器件表现出增强的压电性能，实现了 102 V、10 µA 和 70 µW/cm 的输出电压、电流和功率密度²，与基于二元复合材料的 PENG 相比，这是创纪录的最高结果。此外，PNL-PENG 还展示了作为高度敏感的形状识别触觉感知工具的巨大潜力。PNL-PENG 设备的概念代表了人机交互领域的一个里程碑，朝着柔性和可穿戴电子产品的发展迈出了重要一步。