Overuse of fertilizers has been associated with the selection of competitive and dominant weed communities and biodiversity loss. Considering that crop nutrient management is going through a continuous revisitation process to improve nutrient use efficiency and energy savings, we addressed the consequences of different nutritional levels (low, optimal, and surplus) on weed community composition and wheat growth, yield, and kernel quality. Weed density and biomass were evaluated on sampling areas at the heading stage, and the data obtained were subjected to a cluster analysis for the identification of different weed communities throughout the experimental plots. At harvest, plant growth, yield and quality traits of wheat and wheat kernels were evaluated and correlated with the presence of different weed communities. Out of the four weed communities identified under optimal and low nutrition, two communities did not significantly reduce wheat yield. Under surplus nutrition only one weed community was identified, which resulted to be detrimental for wheat production in terms of yield quantity and quality. The non-detrimental communities were characterized by a high presence of corn chamomile (Anthemis arvensis L.), birdeye speedwell (Veronica persica Poir.), and common chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill). On the contrary, the detrimental communities, were characterized by a high density and aboveground biomass of burr medic (Medicago polymorpha L.). Finally, under surplus nutrition, species richness declined, and the density and aboveground biomass of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) increased compared to optimal and low nutrition. Our results showed that soil fertilization plays a crucial role in differentiating detrimental vs. non-detrimental weed communities, with excess fertilization reducing species richness and selecting for competitive and specialized weed species. Overall, an efficient management of soil nutrients may promote non-detrimental weed communities while reducing weed management intensity and thereby improving biodiversity and sustainability. Assessing the efficiency of soil fertilization management and understanding how different fertilization rates and forms may affect weed communities is crucial to advancing sustainable weed management.

肥料的过度使用与竞争性和优势杂草群落的选择以及生物多样性的丧失有关。考虑到作物养分管理正在经历一个不断重新审视的过程，以提高养分利用效率和节能，我们解决了不同营养水平（低、最佳和过剩）对杂草群落组成和小麦生长、产量和籽粒质量的影响. 在抽穗期对采样区进行杂草密度和生物量评估，并将获得的数据进行聚类分析，以识别整个试验地块的不同杂草群落。在收获时，对小麦和小麦籽粒的植物生长、产量和品质性状进行了评估，并将其与不同杂草群落的存在相关联。在最佳和低营养条件下确定的四个杂草群落中，两个群落没有显着降低小麦产量。在营养过剩的情况下，只有一个杂草群落被发现，这对小麦的产量和质量都是不利的。非有害群落的特点是大量存在玉米洋甘菊（Anthemis arvensis L.)、鸟眼草 ( Veronica persica Poir.) 和普通繁缕 ( Stellaria media (L.) Vill)。相反，有害群落的特点是高密度和地上生物量的毛刺药（Medicago polymorpha L.）。最后，在营养过剩的情况下，物种丰富度下降，一年生黑麦草（ Lolium rigidum ）的密度和地上生物量Gaud.) 与最佳和低营养相比有所增加。我们的研究结果表明，土壤施肥在区分有害杂草群落和非有害杂草群落方面起着至关重要的作用，过度施肥会降低物种丰富度并选择具有竞争力和特殊的杂草物种。总的来说，有效管理土壤养分可以促进无害杂草群落，同时降低杂草管理强度，从而提高生物多样性和可持续性。评估土壤施肥管理的效率并了解不同的施肥率和形式如何影响杂草群落对于推进可持续杂草管理至关重要。