Currently, the full potential of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is limited by chargecarrier recombination owing to imperfect passivation methods. Here, the recombination loss mechanisms owing to the interfacial energy offset and defects are quantified. The results show that a favorable energy offset can reduce minority carriers and suppress interfacial recombination losses more effectively than chemical passivation. To obtain high-efficiency PSCs, 2D perovskites are promising candidates, which offer powerful field effects and require only modest chemical passivation at the interface. The enhanced passivation and charge-carrier extraction offered by the 2D/3D heterojunction PSCs has boosted their power conversion efficiency to 25.32% (certified 25.04%) for small-size devices and to 21.48% for a large-area module (with a designated area of 29.0 cm²). Ion migration is also suppressed by the 2D/3D heterojunction, such that the unencapsulated small-size devices maintain 90% of their initial efficiency after 2000 h of continuous operation at the maximum power point.

中文翻译：

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可视化高效 2D/3D 异质结钙钛矿太阳能电池和模块中的界面能量偏移和缺陷

目前，由于钝化方法不完善，钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSC）的全部潜力受到载流子复合的限制。在这里，由于界面能量偏移和缺陷而导致的复合损失机制被量化。结果表明，有利的能量抵消可以比化学钝化更有效地减少少数载流子并抑制界面复合损失。为了获得高效 PSC，二维钙钛矿是有前途的候选材料，它提供强大的场效应，并且只需要在界面处进行适度的化学钝化。2D/3D 异质结 PSC 提供的增强钝化和载流子提取功能，将小尺寸器件的功率转换效率提高至 25.32%（认证为 25.04%），将大面积模块（具有指定面积）的功率转换效率提高至 21.48%。 29.0cm ² )。2D/3D异质结还抑制了离子迁移，使得未封装的小尺寸器件在最大功率点连续运行2000小时后仍能保持其初始效率的90%。