Abstract. The climatic response of mountain permafrost and glaciers located in high-elevation mountain areas has major implications for the stability of mountain slopes and related geomorphological hazards, water storage and supply, and preservation of paleoclimatic archives. Despite a good knowledge of physical processes that govern the climatic response of mountain permafrost and glaciers, there is a lack of observational datasets from summit areas. This represents a crucial gap in knowledge and a serious limit for model-based projections of future behaviour of permafrost and glaciers. A new observational dataset is available for the summit area of Mt. Ortles, which is the highest summit of South Tyrol, Italy. This paper presents a series of air, englacial, soil surface and rock wall temperature collected between 2010 and 2016. Details are provided regarding instrument type and characteristics, field methods, data quality control and assessment. The obtained data series are available through an open data repository. In the observation period the mean annual air temperature at 3830 m a.s.l. was between −7.8 and −8.6 °C. The most shallow layers of snow and firn (down to a depth of about 10 m) froze during winter. However melt water percolation restored isothermal conditions during the ablation season and the entire firn layer was found at the melting pressure point. Glacier ice is cold, however only from about 30 m depth. Englacial temperature decreases with depth reaching a minimum of almost −3 °C close to the bedrock, at 75 m depth. A small glacier located on a rocky ridge of Mt. Ortles at 3470 m a.s.l., without firn cover, was also found in cold conditions from the surface down to a depth of 9.5 m. The mean annual ground surface temperature was negative for all but one monitored sites, indicating cold ground conditions and the existence of permafrost in nearly all debris-mantled slopes of the summit. Similarly, the mean annual rock wall temperature was negative at most monitored sites, except the lowest one at 3030 m a.s.l. This suggests that the rock faces of the summit are affected by permafrost at all exposures.

中文翻译：

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东欧阿尔卑斯山 Ortles（海拔 3905 米）高海拔处的现代空气、冰川和永久冻土温度

摘要。位于高海拔山区的山地多年冻土和冰川的气候响应对山坡的稳定性和相关地貌灾害、水的储存和供应以及古气候档案的保存具​​有重要意义。尽管对控制山区永久冻土和冰川气候响应的物理过程有很好的了解，但缺乏山顶地区的观测数据集。这代表了知识上的一个关键差距，以及对永久冻土和冰川未来行为的基于模型的预测的严重限制。一个新的观测数据集可用于 Mt. Ortles 的山顶区域，这是意大利南蒂罗尔的最高峰。本文介绍了 2010 年至 2016 年间收集的一系列空气、冰川、土壤表面和岩壁温度。提供了有关仪器类型和特性、​​现场方法、数据质量控制和评估的详细信息。获得的数据系列可通过开放数据存储库获得。观测期内，海拔3830米的年平均气温在-7.8~-8.6℃之间。最浅的雪层和冻土层（深达约 10 m）在冬季结冰。然而，在消融季节，融水渗滤恢复了等温条件，并且在熔化压力点发现了整个冰雪层。冰川冰很冷，但只有大约 30 米深。Englacial 温度随着深度的增加而降低，在接近基岩的 75 m 深度处达到最低值 -3 °C。位于海拔 3470 米的 Mt. Ortles 岩石山脊上的小冰川，没有雪盖，在从表面到 9.5 m 深度的寒冷条件下也发现了这种细菌。除一个监测地点外，所有地点的年平均地表温度均为负值，这表明山顶几乎所有布满碎石的斜坡都存在寒冷的地面条件和永久冻土层。同样，大多数监测点的年平均岩壁温度为负值，最低点除外，海拔 3030 米。这表明山顶的岩壁在所有暴露条件下都受到永久冻土的影响。