Recent literature has significantly advanced our knowledge and understanding of the tumour immune microenvironment of cholangiocarcinoma. Detailed characterisation of the immune landscape has defined new patient subtypes. While not utilised in clinical practice yet, these novel classifications will help inform decisions regarding immunotherapeutic approaches. Suppressive immune cells, such as tumour-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, form a barrier that shields tumour cells from immune surveillance. The presence of this immunosuppressive barrier in combination with a variety of immune escape mechanisms employed by tumour cells leads to poor tumour immunogenicity. Broad strategies to re-equip the immune system include blockade of suppressive immune cell recruitment to priming cytotoxic effector cells against tumour antigens. While immunotherapeutic strategies are gaining traction for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, there is a long road of discovery ahead in order to make meaningful contributions to patient therapy and survival.

最近的文献极大地提高了我们对胆管癌肿瘤免疫微环境的认识和理解。免疫景观的详细特征定义了新的患者亚型。虽然尚未在临床实践中使用，但这些新的分类将有助于为有关免疫治疗方法的决策提供信息。抑制性免疫细胞，例如肿瘤相关巨噬细胞和骨髓源性抑制细胞，形成屏障，保护肿瘤细胞免受免疫监视。这种免疫抑制屏障的存在与肿瘤细胞采用的多种免疫逃逸机制相结合，导致肿瘤免疫原性较差。重新装备免疫系统的广泛策略包括阻断抑制性免疫细胞的募集，以启动针对肿瘤抗原的细胞毒性效应细胞。虽然免疫治疗策略在胆管癌的治疗中越来越受到关注，但要为患者的治疗和生存做出有意义的贡献，未来的发现之路还有很长的路要走。