In the past centuries, farmland has undergone a fundamental transformation through changed farming practices, such as the use of agrochemicals and advanced machine processing. Particularly since the 1970s, agriculturally driven land-use change has caused destruction of natural and semi-natural habitats, and as a consequence, severe loss of biodiversity. Hence, identifying landscape patterns and habitats that enhance species richness, and detecting species and traits that are most vulnerable to intensive land-use are prerequisites for conservation. To evaluate the effects of agricultural land-use and landscape composition on wild bees, we investigated 340 cross-transects in 34 test areas in the main agricultural regions of Austria within the framework of the biodiversity monitoring program BINATS. Using multivariate models (GLM, DCA), wild bees and potential explanatory parameters (e.g. Shannon landscape diversity index, plant diversity, flower cover) were documented, and their interrelationships analyzed. We found strong negative effects of increased agricultural land cover on species richness, abundance and functional richness. Species richness was positively correlated with an increasing area of semi-natural elements (e.g. extensive grassland, hedgerows, fallows) and the number of different habitat types, while wild bee abundance was best explained by the presence of semi-natural habitats and flower cover. Colletidae were significantly associated with the area of semi-natural elements, and were especially sensitive to agricultural intensification. Many species from communities that are present in complex landscapes disappeared in intensively managed farmland, and the majority of species decreased in response to simplified landscapes. A few species, however, even benefited. Our results emphasize the importance of diverse semi-natural elements and high regional flower cover within farmland for maintaining and enhancing species richness and abundance, and for promoting a positive spillover effect of pollinators to the surrounding agricultural landscape. Especially members of the family Colletidae, with a high proportion of specialized species, will benefit from diverse semi-natural habitat types. Given the unique importance of wild bees as pollinators of wildflowers and crops, it is crucial to improve and expand agri-environmental schemes to combat ongoing biodiversity loss in farmland.

在过去的几个世纪里，农田通过改变耕作方式（例如使用农用化学品和先进的机械加工）发生了根本性的转变。特别是自 20 世纪 70 年代以来，农业驱动的土地利用变化造成了自然和半自然栖息地的破坏，并因此导致生物多样性的严重丧失。因此，确定可提高物种丰富度的景观格局和栖息地，以及检测最易受集约化土地利用影响的物种和特征是保护的先决条件。评估农业土地利用和景观构成对野生环境的影响蜜蜂，我们在生物多样性监测计划 BINATS 的框架内调查了奥地利主要农业区 34 个试验区的 340 个横断面。使用多变量模型（GLM、DCA）记录了野生蜜蜂和潜在的解释参数（例如香农景观多样性指数、植物多样性、花卉覆盖率），并分析了它们之间的相互关系。我们发现增加农业用地覆盖对物种丰富度、丰度和功能丰富度有强烈的负面影响。物种丰富度与半自然元素（例如广阔的草地、树篱, 休耕地）和不同栖息地类型的数量，而野生蜜蜂的丰富性最好用半自然栖息地和花卉覆盖的存在来解释。Colletidae与半自然元素区域显着相关，并且对农业集约化特别敏感。许多来自复杂景观中群落的物种在集约化管理的农田中消失了，大多数物种因简化景观而减少。然而，少数物种甚至受益。我们的研究结果强调了农田内多样化的半自然元素和高区域花卉覆盖率对于维持和提高物种丰富度和丰度以及促进传粉媒介的积极溢出效应的重要性到周围的农业景观。特别是具有高比例特化物种的 Colletidae 科成员，将受益于多样化的半自然栖息地类型。鉴于野蜂作为野花和农作物传粉者的独特重要性，改善和扩大农业环境计划以应对农田持续的生物多样性丧失至关重要。