Payments for Environmental or Ecosystem Services (PES) schemes have become a popular tool to address environmental degradation and to promote sustainable management of ecosystem services. We use meta-regression analysis on a sample of 110 individual studies to investigate the determinants of the environmental effectiveness, defined as the probability to increase environmental services (ES) provision, of about 149 PES-schemes implemented worldwide. We find that increased effectiveness of PES schemes is strongly associated with periodical third-party monitoring, generic reference design and to a lesser extent results-based payments. We further study the determinants of PES additionality, defined as direct changes in ES provision induced by the PES scheme, compared to a baseline without PES, on a smaller sample of 41 studies from which we could obtain the necessary data. The results confirm the role of certain design variables, such as monitoring type, and raise a potential trade-off between enrolment and additionality in the assessment of PES effectiveness.

环境或生态系统服务付费 (PES) 计划已成为解决环境退化和促进生态系统服务可持续管理的流行工具。我们对 110 项个别研究的样本使用元回归分析来调查环境有效性的决定因素，环境有效性定义为增加环境服务 (ES) 提供的可能性，全球实施的约 149 个 PES 计划。我们发现，提高 PES 计划的有效性与定期第三方监测、通用参考设计以及较小程度上基于结果的支付密切相关。我们进一步研究了 PES 额外性的决定因素，定义为与没有 PES 的基线相比，PES 计划引起的 ES 供应的直接变化，在 41 项研究的较小样本上，我们可以从中获得必要的数据。结果证实了某些设计变量的作用，例如监测类型，并在 PES 有效性评估中提出了入学率和额外性之间的潜在权衡。