As an effective field management practice for better crop productivity, fertilization showed profound impacts on soil health by altering soil chemical, physical, and biological processes. But, how soil health and related ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) respond to long-term fertilization remains unclear. In this study, based on a 29-year field experiment, we evaluated soil health and EMF under chemical fertilization versus manure application. Long-term manure application maintained soil pH, significantly increased water-stable aggregate, total and available nutrients, microbial biomass and community (bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, etc.), and enzyme activities compared with treatments under chemical fertilizers. Edaphic factors of soil organic carbon (SOC), available phosphorous (AP), fungi, cation exchange capacity, and clay content were identified as key indicators of soil health evaluation by network analysis. The soil health indices (SHIs) of chemical fertilizer treatments were 39–52% lower than that of natural vegetation recovery, with carbon and nutrient cycling, soil biodiversity maintenance, and productivity at low ecosystem function levels. Manure application enhanced soil health by 150–196% compared to unfertilized control by improving SOC, P availability, and sustaining ecosystem functions with carbon and nutrient cycling, soil biodiversity maintenance, buffering and filtering capacity, and productivity at relatively high ecosystem function levels. The individual functions of carbon and nutrient cycling, physical structure stability, and productivity illustrated sensitive responses to the increase in soil health, while inherent soil functions of buffering and filtering capacity and soil biodiversity maintenance were only correlated with high soil health. Manuring improved soil functions and soil health simultaneously, indicating a synergistic relationship. Our findings highlight the significance of manure application to improve soil health and sustain functions in intensive agricultural systems.

作为提高作物生产力的有效田间管理实践，施肥通过改变土壤化学、物理和生物过程对土壤健康产生深远影响。但是，土壤健康和相关生态系统多功能性 (EMF) 如何对长期施肥作出反应仍不清楚。在这项研究中，基于 29 年的田间试验，我们评估了化学施肥与粪肥施用下的土壤健康和 EMF。与化肥处理相比，长期施肥可维持土壤pH值，显着增加水稳性团聚体、总养分和速效养分、微生物生物量和群落（细菌、真菌和放线菌等）和酶活性。土壤因素通过网络分析确定土壤有机碳（SOC）、有效磷（AP）、真菌、阳离子交换能力和粘土含量为土壤健康评价的关键指标。化肥处理的土壤健康指数（SHIs）比自然植被恢复低 39-52%，具有碳和养分循环，土壤生物多样性维护和低生态系统功能水平下的生产力。与未施肥控制相比，施肥通过改善 SOC、P 有效性和维持生态系统功能（碳和养分循环）、土壤生物多样性维持、缓冲和过滤能力以及相对较高的生态系统功能水平下的生产力，使土壤健康提高了 150-196%。碳和养分循环、物理结构稳定性和生产力的个别功能说明了对土壤健康增加的敏感反应，而缓冲和过滤能力以及土壤生物多样性维持等固有土壤功能仅与高土壤健康相关。施肥同时改善了土壤功能和土壤健康，表明存在协同关系。