Online hate speech (OHS) is a prevalent societal problem, but most studies investigating the reasons and causes of OHS focus on the perpetrators' side while ignoring the bystanders' and the victims' side. This is also true for the underlying theories. Therefore, we proposed a new Action-Theoretical Model of Online Hate Speech (ATMOHS), which assumes that OHS is a product of environmental, situational, and personal variables with three groups involved (perpetrators, bystanders, and victims) that each have their own set of motives, attitudes, traits, and norm beliefs that are impacting their behavior. The model was put to a first test with an online survey using a quota sample of the German online population (N = 1,791). The study at hand is a first analysis of these data that focus on the motives of OHS. Results show that wanting to be a role model for others is an important motive on the active bystanders' side. However, it could not be confirmed that any aggression motive is important on the perpetrators' side or that undeservingness is an important motive on the victims' side. Future studies could investigate if there are other motives for the victims' side that are in-line with the underlying theory of learned helplessness, or if there is a better theory for modeling the victims' side. Future studies could also develop a better scale for aggression motives. In practice, prevention programs could focus on being a role model for others as a relevant motive for becoming an active bystander.

中文翻译：

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网上仇恨言论的动机：配额样本在线调查的结果。

网络仇恨言论（OHS）是一个普遍存在的社会问题，但大多数研究OHS的原因和成因都集中在加害者一方，而忽视了旁观者和受害者一方。对于基础理论来说也是如此。因此，我们提出了一种新的在线仇恨言论行动理论模型（ATMOHS），该模型假设 OHS 是环境、情境和个人变量的产物，涉及三个群体（施暴者、旁观者和受害者），每个群体都有自己的特点影响他们行为的一系列动机、态度、特征和规范信念。该模型通过使用德国在线人口配额样本（N = 1,791）的在线调查进行了首次测试。手头的研究是对这些数据的首次分析，重点关注 OHS 的动机。结果表明，想要成为他人的榜样是积极旁观者一方的重要动机。然而，无法证实任何侵略动机对于施暴者来说都是重要的，或者不值得是对于受害者来说是重要动机的。未来的研究可以调查受害者一方是否还有其他符合习得性无助基本理论的动机，或者是否有更好的理论来模拟受害者一方。未来的研究还可以开发出更好的攻击动机量表。在实践中，预防计划可以侧重于成为他人的榜样，作为成为积极旁观者的相关动机。