ABSTRACT

Objective

Callousness has been identified as a key driver of aggressive and violent behavior from childhood into early adulthood. Although previous research has underscored the importance of the parenting environment in contributing to the development of youth callousness, findings have generally been confined to the between-individual level and have not examined bidirectionality. In the current study, we test whether aspects of parenting are associated with callousness from childhood to adolescence both between and within individuals, examine the temporal ordering of associations, and test whether these relations are moderated by gender or developmental stage.

Method

Data came from a longitudinal study in which parents of 1,421 youth (52% girls; 62% White and 22% Black) from the second, fourth, and ninth grades were interviewed three times, with one year between consecutive interviews.

Results

A random-intercept cross-lagged panel model indicated that elevated youth callousness predicts subsequent increases in parental rejection and decreases in consistency of discipline. Findings were largely similar for boys and girls, but within-individual associations were generally stronger for 4^th graders compared to the 2^nd and 9^th graders.

Conclusions

Callousness and parenting practices and attitudes were related both at the between-individual and within-individual level. These results have implications for the etiology and treatment of children and adolescents who exhibit callousness.

中文翻译：

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随着时间的推移，养​​育子女与青少年冷漠之间的人内双向关联

摘要

客观的

冷酷无情被认为是从童年到成年早期攻击性和暴力行为的关键驱动因素。尽管之前的研究强调了养育环境对青少年冷酷无情的形成的重要性，但研究结果通常仅限于个体之间的水平，并且没有检验双向性。在当前的研究中，我们测试了养育子女的各个方面是否与个体之间和个体内部从童年到青春期的冷漠有关，检查了关联的时间顺序，并测试了这些关系是否受到性别或发育阶段的调节。

方法

数据来自一项纵向研究，其中对二年级、四年级和九年级的 1,421 名青少年（52% 是女孩；62% 是白人，22% 是黑人）的家长进行了三次访谈，连续访谈间隔一年。

结果

随机截取交叉滞后小组模型表明，青少年冷酷无情的加剧预示着随后父母拒绝的增加和管教一致性的降低。男孩和女孩的研究结果基本相似，但与二年级^和九^{年级学生相比，四年级}学生的个体内关联通常更强。

结论

冷酷无情与养育方式和态度在个体之间和个体内部层面都相关。这些结果对于表现出冷酷无情的儿童和青少年的病因和治疗具有重要意义。