In state-of-the-art n–i–p structured perovskite solar cells (PSCs), a dopant for doping hole transporting materials (HTMs) is a crucial component, which affects not only the electrical properties of HTMs, but also the performances and stabilities of PSCs. In this paper, we report new dual functional ionic liquids (ILs) consisting of various alkylammoniums (from butyl to decyl) and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (denoted as BATFSI, HATFSI, OATFSI, and DATFSI) as a dopant and surface passivator for highly efficient and stable PSCs and modules. Among these ILs, OATFSI provides enough miscibility with a poly(triarylamine) solution, which results in a smoother morphology of the hole transporting layer (HTL) with an enhanced electrical property via efficient doping. Simultaneously, OATFSI passivates the perovskite surface in situ, during spin-coating deposition of the HTL. Highly efficient and stable OATFSI-based PSCs are fabricated with a mesoporous n–i–p structure and a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.34%, due to reduced non-radiative recombination and better charge extraction. To verify the scalability of our new IL dopants, perovskite modules with a high PCE of 18.54% (on the aperture area of 224.89 cm²) and 19.91% (on the active area of 209.39 cm²) are demonstrated. We believe our work provides useful guidelines to achieve efficient and stable PSCs and modules for commercialization.

中文翻译：

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烷基铵双（三氟甲基磺酰基）亚胺作为空穴传输层中的掺杂剂用于高效稳定的钙钛矿太阳能电池

在最先进的 n–i–p 结构钙钛矿太阳能电池 (PSC) 中，用于掺杂空穴传输材料 (HTM) 的掺杂剂是一个关键成分，它不仅影响 HTM 的电性能，而且影响性能PSC 的稳定性。在本文中，我们报告了由各种烷基铵（从丁基到癸基）和双（三氟甲基磺酰基）亚胺（表示为 BATFSI、HATFSI、OATFSI 和 DATFSI）组成的新型双功能离子液体 (IL) 作为掺杂剂和表面钝化剂，用于高度高效稳定的 PSC 和模块。在这些离子液体中，OATFSI 提供了与聚（三芳基胺）溶液足够的混溶性，这导致空穴传输层 (HTL) 的形态更光滑，电性能增强有效掺杂。同时，在 HTL 的旋涂沉积过程中， OATFSI原位钝化钙钛矿表面。高效稳定的基于 OATFSI 的 PSC 采用介孔 n-i-p 结构制造，最大功率转换效率 (PCE) 为 23.34%，这是由于减少了非辐射复合和更好的电荷提取。为了验证我们新的 IL 掺杂剂的可扩展性，展示了具有 18.54%（在 224.89 cm ²的孔径面积上）和 19.91%（在 209.39 cm ²的活性面积上）的高 PCE 的钙钛矿模块。我们相信我们的工作为实现高效稳定的 PSC 和商业化模块提供了有用的指导。