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Uptake of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances by Fish, Mussel, and Passive Samplers in Mobile-Laboratory Exposures Using Groundwater from a Contamination Plume at a Historical Fire Training Area, Cape Cod, Massachusetts
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 11.4 ) Pub Date : 2023-03-27 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06500
Larry B Barber 1 , Heidi M Pickard 2 , David A Alvarez 3 , Jitka Becanova 4 , Steffanie H Keefe 1 , Denis R LeBlanc 5 , Rainer Lohmann 4 , Jeffery A Steevens 3 , Alan M Vajda 6
Affiliation  

Aqueous film-forming foams historically were used during fire training activities on Joint Base Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and created an extensive per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) groundwater contamination plume. The potential for PFAS bioconcentration from exposure to the contaminated groundwater, which discharges to surface water bodies, was assessed with mobile-laboratory experiments using groundwater from the contamination plume and a nearby reference location. The on-site continuous-flow 21-day exposures used male and female fathead minnows, freshwater mussels, polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), and polyethylene tube samplers (PETS) to evaluate biotic and abiotic uptake. The composition of the PFAS-contaminated groundwater was complex and 9 PFAS were detected in the reference groundwater and 17 PFAS were detected in the contaminated groundwater. The summed PFAS concentrations ranged from 120 to 140 ng L–1 in reference groundwater and 6100 to 15,000 ng L–1 in contaminated groundwater. Biotic concentration factors (CFb) for individual PFAS were species, sex, source, and compound-specific and ranged from 2.9 to 1000 L kg–1 in whole-body male fish exposed to contaminated groundwater for 21 days. The fish and mussel CFb generally increased with increasing fluorocarbon chain length and were greater for sulfonates than for carboxylates. The exception was perfluorohexane sulfonate, which deviated from the linear trend and had a 10-fold difference in CFb between sites, possibly because of biotransformation of precursors such as perfluorohexane sulfonamide. Uptake for most PFAS in male fish was linear over time, whereas female fish had bilinear uptake indicated by an initial increase in tissue concentrations followed by a decrease. Uptake of PFAS was less for mussels (maximum CFb = 200) than for fish, and mussel uptake of most PFAS also was bilinear. Although abiotic concentration factors were greater than CFb, and values for POCIS were greater than for PETS, passive samplers were useful for assessing PFAS that potentially bioconcentrate in fish but are present at concentrations below method quantitation limits in water. Passive samplers also accumulate short-chain PFAS that are not bioconcentrated.

中文翻译:

在马萨诸塞州科德角历史消防训练区使用污染羽流中的地下水进行暴露的移动实验室中鱼类、贻贝和被动采样器对全氟和多氟烷基物质的吸收

在马萨诸塞州科德角联合基地的消防训练活动中,水性成膜泡沫历来被使用,并产生了广泛的全氟和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 地下水污染羽流。使用污染羽流和附近参考位置的地下水,通过移动实验室实验评估了 PFAS 因暴露于排放到地表水体的受污染地下水而产生生物富集的可能性。现场连续 21 天暴露使用雄性和雌性黑头呆鱼、淡水贻贝、极地有机化学综合采样器 (POCIS) 和聚乙烯管采样器 (PETS) 来评估生物和非生物摄取。受PFAS污染的地下水成分复杂,在参考地下水中检出9种PFAS,在污染地下水中检出17种PFAS。总的 PFAS 浓度范围为 120 至 140 ng L–1在参考地下水中,6100 至 15,000 ng L –1在受污染的地下水中。单个 PFAS 的生物浓度因子 (CF b ) 具有物种、性别、来源和化合物特异性,并且在暴露于受污染地下水 21 天的全身雄性鱼中范围为 2.9 至 1000 L kg –1 。鱼和贻贝的 CF b通常随着碳氟化合物链长度的增加而增加,并且磺酸盐的 CF b 大于羧酸盐。全氟己烷磺酸盐是个例外,它偏离了线性趋势,CF b有 10 倍的差异位点之间,可能是因为全氟己烷磺酰胺等前体的生物转化。随着时间的推移,雄鱼对大多数 PFAS 的吸收呈线性变化,而雌鱼的吸收呈双线性,表现为组织浓度先升高后降低。贻贝(最大 CF b = 200)对PFAS 的吸收低于鱼类,而且贻贝对大多数 PFAS 的吸收也是双线性的。尽管非生物浓缩因子大于 CF b,并且 POCIS 的值大于 PETS,但被动采样器可用于评估 PFAS,这些 PFAS 可能在鱼体内生物富集,但在水中的浓度低于方法定量限。被动采样器还会积累未进行生物浓缩的短链 PFAS。
更新日期:2023-03-27
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