Exosomes are effective therapeutic vehicles that may transport their substances across cells. They are shown to possess the capacity to affect cell proliferation, migration, anti-apoptosis, anti-scarring, and angiogenesis, via the action of transporting molecular components. Possessing immense potential in regenerative medicine, exosomes, especially stem cell-derived exosomes, have the advantages of low immunogenicity, minimal invasiveness, and broad clinical applicability. Exosome biodistribution and pharmacokinetics may be altered, in response to recent advancements in technology, for the purpose of treating particular illnesses. Yet, prior to clinical application, it is crucial to ascertain the ideal dose and any potential negative consequences of an exosome. This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of stem cell-derived exosomes and further illustrates the molecular mechanisms that underpin their potential in musculoskeletal regeneration, wound healing, female infertility, cardiac recovery, immunomodulation, neurological disease, and metabolic regulation. In addition, we provide a summary of the currently effective techniques for isolating exosomes, and describe the innovations in biomaterials that improve the efficacy of exosome-based treatments. Overall, this paper provides an updated overview of the biological factors found in stem cell-derived exosomes, as well as potential targets for future cell-free therapeutic applications.

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干细胞来源的外泌体的分子机制和当前方法的前沿回顾

外泌体是有效的治疗载体，可以将其物质运输到细胞间。它们被证明具有通过转运分子成分的作用影响细胞增殖、迁移、抗细胞凋亡、抗瘢痕形成和血管生成的能力。外泌体，尤其是干细胞来源的外泌体，具有免疫原性低、微创、临床应用广泛等优点，在再生医学领域具有巨大潜力。为了治疗特定疾病，外泌体的生物分布和药代动力学可能会随着最近的技术进步而改变。然而，在临床应用之前，确定外泌体的理想剂量和任何潜在的负面影响至关重要。本综述侧重于干细胞来源的外泌体的治疗潜力，并进一步阐明了支持其在肌肉骨骼再生、伤口愈合、女性不育、心脏恢复、免疫调节、神经系统疾病和代谢调节方面潜力的分子机制。此外，我们总结了目前有效的外泌体分离技术，并描述了提高外泌体治疗效果的生物材料创新。总的来说，本文提供了对干细胞衍生外泌体中发现的生物学因素的最新概述，以及未来无细胞治疗应用的潜在目标。免疫调节、神经系统疾病和代谢调节。此外，我们总结了目前有效的外泌体分离技术，并描述了提高外泌体治疗效果的生物材料创新。总的来说，本文提供了对干细胞衍生外泌体中发现的生物学因素的最新概述，以及未来无细胞治疗应用的潜在目标。免疫调节、神经系统疾病和代谢调节。此外，我们总结了目前有效的外泌体分离技术，并描述了提高外泌体治疗效果的生物材料创新。总的来说，本文提供了对干细胞衍生外泌体中发现的生物学因素的最新概述，以及未来无细胞治疗应用的潜在目标。