Inequality in homeownership is a major component of ethno-racial stratification. Previous studies demonstrate large ethno-racial differences in access and outcomes throughout the home buying process at both the individual and neighborhood levels. An underlying assumption in these studies is that neighborhood ethno-racial disparities in lending are similar across neighborhood spatial types. However, mortgage lending disparities are unclear when examining the neighborhood's racial composition across urban, suburban, and rural communities. This paper draws on annual data from the American Housing Survey and the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) from 2018 and 2019 to assess loan outcome disparities by neighborhood type and racial composition. I show that applicant disparities in loan outcomes vary when factoring the neighborhood's spatial type and racial composition. Borrowers seeking a mortgage in predominantly minority rural communities are more likely to be denied a mortgage than borrowers applying across all other neighborhood type and racial composition. The trends for urban communities are similar to suburban communities across adverse loan outcomes. When comparing the community's racial composition and neighborhood type, the observed lending pattern provides evidence of constrained mortgage access in rural areas, especially among minority rural communities.

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抵押信贷的差异化：社区空间和种族分层的作用

住房所有权的不平等是民族种族分层的一个主要组成部分。先前的研究表明，在个人和社区层面，整个购房过程中的机会和结果存在巨大的种族差异。这些研究的一个基本假设是，不同社区空间类型的社区在贷款方面的种族差异是相似的。然而，在考察城市、郊区和农村社区的种族构成时，抵押贷款的差异并不明显。本文利用 2018 年和 2019 年美国住房调查和住房抵押贷款披露法案 (HMDA) 的年度数据来评估按社区类型和种族构成划分的贷款结果差异。我表明，当考虑到社区的空间类型和种族构成时，申请人在贷款结果方面的差异会有所不同。与所有其他社区类型和种族构成的借款人相比，在以少数族裔为主的农村社区寻求抵押贷款的借款人更有可能被拒绝抵押贷款。城市社区的趋势与郊区社区在不良贷款结果方面相似。在比较社区的种族构成和社区类型时，观察到的贷款模式提供了农村地区抵押贷款获取受限的证据，特别是在少数民族农村社区。与所有其他社区类型和种族构成的借款人相比，在以少数族裔为主的农村社区寻求抵押贷款的借款人更有可能被拒绝抵押贷款。城市社区的趋势与郊区社区在不良贷款结果方面相似。在比较社区的种族构成和社区类型时，观察到的贷款模式提供了农村地区抵押贷款获取受限的证据，特别是在少数民族农村社区。与所有其他社区类型和种族构成的借款人相比，在以少数族裔为主的农村社区寻求抵押贷款的借款人更有可能被拒绝抵押贷款。城市社区的趋势与郊区社区在不良贷款结果方面相似。在比较社区的种族构成和社区类型时，观察到的贷款模式提供了农村地区抵押贷款获取受限的证据，特别是在少数民族农村社区。