Neurotransmitters act as chemical messengers, determining human physiological and psychological function, and abnormal levels of neurotransmitters are related to conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. Biologically and clinically relevant concentrations of neurotransmitters are usually very low (nM), so electrochemical and electronic sensors for neurotransmitter detection play an important role in achieving sensitive and selective detection. Additionally, these sensors have the distinct advantage to potentially be wireless, miniaturized, and multichannel, providing remarkable opportunities for implantable, long-term sensing capabilities unachievable by spectroscopic or chromatographic detection methods. In this article, we will focus on advances in the development and characterization of electrochemical and electronic sensors for neurotransmitters during the last five years, identifying how the field is progressing as well as critical knowledge gaps for sensor researchers.

中文翻译：

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用于小分子神经递质的电化学和电生物传感器的开发和表征的最新进展

神经递质作为化学信使，决定着人体的生理和心理功能，神经递质的异常水平与帕金森病和阿尔茨海默病等疾病有关。神经递质的生物学和临床相关浓度通常非常低 (nM)，因此用于神经递质检测的电化学和电子传感器在实现灵敏和选择性检测方面发挥着重要作用。此外，这些传感器具有明显的优势，可能是无线的、小型化的和多通道的，为光谱或色谱检测方法无法实现的植入式、长期传感能力提供了绝佳的机会。在本文中，