By law, before interrrogating a suspect who is in custody, the police should inform them of their Miranda rights-the rights against self-incrimination and to an attorney. When a suspect or defendant waives their Miranda rights, a judge ultimately determines whether the waiver was legal. In making this determination, the judge employs the totality of the circumstances (TOC) analysis, which includes factors related to the individual defendant as well as the environment in which they waived their rights. Frequently, forensic psychologists evaluate a defendant to offer courts a clinical opinion about the defendant's ability to understand and appreciate their Miranda rights and to provide other TOC information. These evaluations are referred to as Miranda evaluations. Using Miranda evaluations as an illustration, this article describes how the critical, yet often overlooked, concepts of racial trauma and vicarious and direct prior police contacts should routinely be considered as part of forensic evaluations. After providing a succinct overview of the relevant legal issues related to Miranda rights and of the existing guidelines for conducting Miranda evaluations, we discuss the psychological impact of racial trauma and prior vicarious and direct police contacts. We provide case examples to illustrate how evaluators can consider the impact of racial trauma and prior police contact when conducting Miranda evaluations. This article serves as a practical guide for understanding how and why-in the context of their lived experiences-suspects may waive their Miranda rights. Finally, we recommend how to improve policy and research to better capture issues related to racial trauma and prior police contacts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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迈出米兰达评估的下一步：考虑种族创伤和之前与警察接触的影响。

根据法律，在审问在押嫌疑人之前，警察应该告知他们他们的米兰达权利——反对自证其罪和获得律师帮助的权利。当嫌疑人或被告放弃他们的米兰达权利时，法官最终决定放弃是否合法。在做出这一决定时，法官采用了总体情况 (TOC) 分析，其中包括与个别被告相关的因素以及他们放弃权利的环境。通常，法医心理学家对被告进行评估，以向法庭提供关于被告理解和欣赏其米兰达权利以及提供其他 TOC 信息的能力的临床意见。这些评估被称为米兰达评估。以米兰达评估为例，本文描述了种族创伤的关键但经常被忽视的概念以及先前与警察的间接和直接接触应如何作为法医评估的常规考虑。在简要概述了与米兰达权利相关的法律问题以及进行米兰达评估的现有指南之后，我们讨论了种族创伤的心理影响以及之前的替代和直接警察接触。我们提供案例来说明评估人员在进行米兰达评估时如何考虑种族创伤和先前与警察接触的影响。本文可作为实用指南，帮助您了解嫌疑人在其生活经历的背景下如何以及为何放弃米兰达权利。最后，我们建议如何改进政策和研究，以更好地捕捉与种族创伤和警方先前接触有关的问题。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。