OBJECTIVE Using archival and experimental methods, we tested the role that racial associations of first names play in criminal sentencing. HYPOTHESES We hypothesized that Black defendants with more stereotypically Black names (e.g., Jamal) would receive more punitive sentences than Black defendants with more stereotypically White names (e.g., James). METHOD In an archival study, we obtained a random sample of 296 real-world records of Black male prison inmates in Florida and asked participants to rate the extent to which each inmate's first name was stereotypically Black or stereotypically White. We then tested the extent to which racial stereotypicality was associated with sentence length, controlling for relevant legal features of each case (e.g., criminal record, severity of convicted offenses). In a follow-up experiment, participant judges assigned sentences in cases in which the Black male defendant was randomly assigned a more stereotypically Black or White name from our archival study. RESULTS Controlling for a wide array of factors-including criminal record-we found that inmates with more stereotypically Black versus White first names received longer sentences β = 0.09, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) [0.01, 0.16]: 409 days longer for names 1 standard deviation above versus below the mean on racial stereotypicality. In our experiment, participant judges recommended significantly longer sentences to Black inmates with more stereotypically Black names above and beyond the severity of the charges or their criminal history, β = 0.07, 95% CI [0.02, 0.13]. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify how racial associations with first names can bias consequential sentencing decisions despite the impartial aims of the legal system. More broadly, our findings illustrate how racial biases manifest in distinctions made among members of historically marginalized groups, not just between members of different groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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“贾马尔”是否比“詹姆斯”受到更严厉的判决？黑人刑事判决中的名字偏见。

目标 使用档案和实验方法，我们测试了名字的种族关联在刑事判决中的作用。假设 我们假设，与具有更刻板的白人名字（例如，詹姆斯）的黑人被告相比，具有更刻板的黑人名字（例如，贾马尔）的黑人被告将受到更多的惩罚性判决。方法 在一项档案研究中，我们随机抽取了 296 名佛罗里达州黑人男性监狱囚犯的真实记录，并要求参与者对每个囚犯的名字中刻板印象的黑人或刻板印象的白人的程度进行评分。然后，我们测试了种族刻板印象与刑期长短的关联程度，控制了每个案件的相关法律特征（例如，犯罪记录、定罪的严重程度）。在后续实验中，在我们的档案研究中，黑人男性被告被随机分配了一个更刻板的黑人或白人名字的案件中，参与者法官分配了刑期。结果 在控制了一系列因素（包括犯罪记录）后，我们发现与白人名字相比，黑人名字更刻板的囚犯会被判更长的刑期 β = 0.09, 95% 置信区间 (95% CI) [0.01, 0.16]：延长 409 天对于种族刻板印象的平均值高于与低于平均值 1 个标准偏差的名称。在我们的实验中，参与法官建议对黑人囚犯判处明显更长的刑期，这些囚犯的名字更刻板，超出了指控的严重程度或他们的犯罪历史，β = 0.07, 95% CI [0.02, 0.13]。结论 我们的结果确定了尽管法律制度的公正目标，但带有名字的种族关联如何影响相应的量刑决定。更广泛地说，我们的研究结果说明了种族偏见如何体现在历史上被边缘化的群体成员之间的区别，而不仅仅是不同群体成员之间的区别。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA，保留所有权利）。