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Potential causes of racial disparities in wrongful convictions based on mistaken identifications: Own-race bias and differences in evidence-based suspicion.
Law and Human Behavior ( IF 3.870 ) Pub Date : 2023-02-01 , DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000503
Jacqueline Katzman 1 , Margaret Bull Kovera 1
Affiliation  

OBJECTIVE We explored whether racial disparities in evidence-based suspicion (i.e., evidence of guilt prior to placement in a lineup) provide a better explanation of racial disparities in exonerations based on eyewitness misidentification than the own-race bias in eyewitness identifications. HYPOTHESES We predicted that the own-race bias in identification accuracy would be insufficiently large to fully explain the racial disparities in wrongful convictions in cases with mistaken identification. We also predicted that possible racial disparities in the prior probability of suspect guilt before subjecting suspects to the risk of misidentification might better explain racial disparities in wrongful convictions. METHOD We conducted a meta-analysis on 54 effect sizes extracted from 16 studies (1,503 individual participants) that tested whether there was an own-race bias in eyewitness identifications using a design that varied the race of both the witnesses and the target faces (Black vs. White). We also constructed two curves that plotted the prior probability of suspect guilt against the posterior probability of guilt: one if an identification were to be obtained for a Black suspect and one if an identification were to be obtained for a White suspect. RESULTS Participants, irrespective of their race, were better able to discriminate among previously seen White than Black targets. However, the differential accuracy rates for identifications of White versus Black suspects were too small to explain racial disparities in exoneration data on their own. However, racial disparities in evidence that police have against suspects before placing them in an identification procedure would likely explain more of the variance in racial disparities in mistaken identifications that lead to wrongful convictions. CONCLUSION Memory errors caused by the own-race bias are likely not the sole or even primary cause of racial disparities in misidentifications; rather, systemic bias in the amount of evidence that police have before placing a suspect at risk of misidentification likely explains more of the variance of racial disparities in wrongful convictions based on mistaken identifications. Requirements for evidence-based suspicion before placing suspects in an identification procedure are needed to prevent systemic racism in mistaken identifications. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译:

基于错误识别的错误定罪中种族差异的潜在原因:自身种族偏见和基于证据的怀疑差异。

目标 我们探讨了基于证据的怀疑中的种族差异(即,在排入队列之前有罪的证据)是否比目击者识别中的自身种族偏见更好地解释了基于目击者错误识别的免责中的种族差异。假设 我们预测,识别准确性中的本族种族偏差不足以充分解释错误识别案件中错误定罪的种族差异。我们还预测,在让嫌疑人面临被误认的风险之前,嫌疑人有罪的先验概率可能存在种族差异,这可能更好地解释错误定罪中的种族差异。方法 我们对从 16 项研究 (1, 503 名个体参与者)使用改变目击者和目标面孔(黑人与白人)种族的设计来测试目击者身份识别是否存在本族裔偏见。我们还构建了两条曲线,绘制了犯罪嫌疑人有罪的先验概率与犯罪后验概率的关系:一条曲线是为黑人嫌疑人获得身份证明,另一条曲线是为白人嫌疑人获得身份证明。结果 与黑人相比,无论种族如何,参与者都能更好地区分之前见过的白人目标。然而,白人和黑人嫌疑人身份识别的准确率差异太小,无法单独解释免责数据中的种族差异。然而,警方在将嫌疑人置于身份识别程序之前对他们所掌握的证据中的种族差异可能会更多地解释导致错误定罪的错误识别中种族差异的差异。结论 由本族偏见引起的记忆错误可能不是错误识别中种族差异的唯一甚至主要原因;相反,在将嫌疑人置于被误认的风险之前,警方掌握的证据数量存在系统性偏见,这可能更多地解释了基于错误识别的错误定罪中种族差异的差异。在将嫌疑人置于身份识别程序之前需要进行基于证据的怀疑,以防止错误识别中的系统性种族主义。(PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 APA,保留所有权利)。
更新日期:2023-02-01
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