Globally, the loss of green spaces threatens the sustainability of many cities. Among other factors, complex land ownership and management regime reportedly disrupt land administration and development; but with inconclusive empirical evidence on how this influences the conditions, availability and development of parks. This study, using Accra, thus employs document analysis, 16 key informant interviews and observation of majaor parks to: (i) explore the spatial location of parks and the relationship between their ownership and conditions, (ii) examine the factors which have influenced the decline in park size and conditions, and (iii) examine the institutional response to improving upon park planning, availability and conditions. The findings show distributive injustice of parks as most of them are located in high- and middle-income neighborhoods. There is also evidence of decreasing available park land per 1000 population between 1991 and 2022. Parks managed by private institutions were found to be in very good state compared to those managed by state institutions. The existing dualistic and complex land tenure regime have largely led to the decline in park availability and conditions. Other reported factors were rapid urbanization, land litigation, low priority to park development and planning, laxity in the enforcement of regulations, and political interference. The study makes recommendations to improve upon existing practices and generally enhance park creation, availability and conditions.

在全球范围内，绿色空间的丧失威胁着许多城市的可持续性。据报道，除其他因素外，复杂的土地所有权和管理制度扰乱了土地管理和开发；但关于这如何影响公园的条件、可用性和发展的经验证据尚无定论。本研究以阿克拉为基地，采用文件分析、16 位关键知情人访谈和对主要公园的观察，以：(i) 探索公园的空间位置及其所有权与条件之间的关系，(ii) 检查影响公园的因素公园规模和条件的下降，以及 (iii) 检查机构对改善公园规划、可用性和条件的反应。调查结果表明公园存在分配不公，因为其中大部分公园都位于高收入和中等收入社区。还有证据表明，在 1991 年至 2022 年期间，每 1000 人的可用公园土地减少。与国家机构管理的公园相比，私人机构管理的公园的状况非常好。现有的二元和复杂的土地使用权制度在很大程度上导致了公园可用性和条件的下降。报告的其他因素包括快速城市化、土地诉讼、公园开发和规划的低优先级、法规执行松懈以及政治干预。该研究提出了改进现有做法的建议，并总体上改善了公园的创建、可用性和条件。与国家机构管理的公园相比，私人机构管理的公园的状况非常好。现有的二元和复杂的土地使用权制度在很大程度上导致了公园可用性和条件的下降。报告的其他因素包括快速城市化、土地诉讼、公园开发和规划的低优先级、法规执行松懈以及政治干预。该研究提出了改进现有做法的建议，并总体上改善了公园的创建、可用性和条件。与国家机构管理的公园相比，私人机构管理的公园的状况非常好。现有的二元和复杂的土地使用权制度在很大程度上导致了公园可用性和条件的下降。报告的其他因素包括快速城市化、土地诉讼、公园开发和规划的低优先级、法规执行松懈以及政治干预。该研究提出了改进现有做法的建议，并总体上改善了公园的创建、可用性和条件。法规执行松懈和政治干预。该研究提出了改进现有做法的建议，并总体上改善了公园的创建、可用性和条件。法规执行松懈和政治干预。该研究提出了改进现有做法的建议，并总体上改善了公园的创建、可用性和条件。