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Droplet microfluidic chip-ICP-MS-based single-cell analysis for study of cellular behavior of macrophages to thimerosal.
Metallomics ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2023-04-03 , DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfad013
Junrong Ma 1 , Man He 1 , Beibei Chen 1 , Bin Hu 1
Affiliation  

Thimerosal (THI) is widely used as an antimicrobial preservative, but can hydrolyze to ethylmercury, causing potentially neurotoxicity. In this work, a THP-1 cell line was used to investigate the biological behavior of THI. An on-line droplet microfluidic chip system combined with time-resolved inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to quantify Hg in single THP-1 cells. The cellular uptake and elimination behaviors of THI were studied, and the toxicity of THI in terms of redox balance was discussed. The results showed that a small number of cells (<5%) exhibited a high uptake content (>200 fg/cell) for THI, and most of the cells (68.8-85.8% for different exposure groups at 25 h) exhibited a relatively low uptake content (<20 fg/cell). After stopping exposure to THI, the cells showed an elimination process for Hg, which was rapid in the first several hours and gradually slowed down. When the elimination time was 25 h, 7.4-26.3% of the cells in different exposure groups still contained a detectable amount of Hg (>2 fg/cell), indicating Hg could not be eliminated completely, which may cause cumulative toxicity to macrophages. Moreover, it was found that exposure to THI even at 50 ng/mL can cause cellular oxidative stress behavior, leading to an increase in reactive oxygen species level and a decrease in glutathione level. This trend would continue for a period of time after stopping THI exposure. With the elimination of Hg, the redox balance of cells showed a tendency to stabilize and restore, but cannot be restored to normal status, indicating a long-term chronic toxicity of THI to THP-1 cells.

中文翻译:

基于液滴微流控芯片-ICP-MS 的单细胞分析,用于研究巨噬细胞对硫柳汞的细胞行为。

硫柳汞 (THI) 被广泛用作抗菌防腐剂,但会水解成乙基汞,从而导致潜在的神经毒性。在这项工作中,THP-1 细胞系用于研究 THI 的生物学行为。在线液滴微流控芯片系统与时间分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法相结合,用于量化单个 THP-1 细胞中的 Hg。研究了THI的细胞摄取和消除行为,并讨论了THI在氧化还原平衡方面的毒性。结果表明,少数细胞(<5%)对THI表现出较高的摄取含量(>200 fg/细胞),而大多数细胞(25 h不同暴露组68.8-85.8%)表现出相对摄取含量低(<20 fg/细胞)。在停止暴露于 THI 后,细胞显示出 Hg 的消除过程,前几个小时很快,然后逐渐减慢。当消除时间为25 h时,不同暴露组中7.4-26.3%的细胞仍含有可检测量的Hg(>2 fg/细胞),表明Hg未能完全消除,可能对巨噬细胞产生累积毒性。此外,发现即使暴露于 50 ng/mL 的 THI 也会导致细胞氧化应激行为,从而导致活性氧水平升高和谷胱甘肽水平降低。这种趋势在停止 THI 暴露后会持续一段时间。随着Hg的消除,细胞的氧化还原平衡呈现趋于稳定和恢复的趋势,但不能恢复到正常状态,表明THI对THP-1细胞具有长期慢性毒性。当消除时间为25 h时,不同暴露组中7.4-26.3%的细胞仍含有可检测量的Hg(>2 fg/细胞),表明Hg未能完全消除,可能对巨噬细胞产生累积毒性。此外,发现即使暴露于 50 ng/mL 的 THI 也会导致细胞氧化应激行为,从而导致活性氧水平升高和谷胱甘肽水平降低。这种趋势在停止 THI 暴露后会持续一段时间。随着Hg的消除,细胞的氧化还原平衡呈现趋于稳定和恢复的趋势,但不能恢复到正常状态,表明THI对THP-1细胞具有长期慢性毒性。当消除时间为25 h时,不同暴露组中7.4-26.3%的细胞仍含有可检测量的Hg(>2 fg/细胞),表明Hg未能完全消除,可能对巨噬细胞产生累积毒性。此外,发现即使暴露于 50 ng/mL 的 THI 也会导致细胞氧化应激行为,从而导致活性氧水平升高和谷胱甘肽水平降低。这种趋势在停止 THI 暴露后会持续一段时间。随着Hg的消除,细胞的氧化还原平衡呈现趋于稳定和恢复的趋势,但不能恢复到正常状态,表明THI对THP-1细胞具有长期慢性毒性。2 fg/cell),说明Hg不能完全清除,可能对巨噬细胞产生累积毒性。此外,发现即使暴露于 50 ng/mL 的 THI 也会导致细胞氧化应激行为,从而导致活性氧水平升高和谷胱甘肽水平降低。这种趋势在停止 THI 暴露后会持续一段时间。随着Hg的消除,细胞的氧化还原平衡呈现趋于稳定和恢复的趋势,但不能恢复到正常状态,表明THI对THP-1细胞具有长期慢性毒性。2 fg/cell),说明Hg不能完全清除,可能对巨噬细胞产生累积毒性。此外,发现即使暴露于 50 ng/mL 的 THI 也会导致细胞氧化应激行为,从而导致活性氧水平升高和谷胱甘肽水平降低。这种趋势在停止 THI 暴露后会持续一段时间。随着Hg的消除,细胞的氧化还原平衡呈现趋于稳定和恢复的趋势,但不能恢复到正常状态,表明THI对THP-1细胞具有长期慢性毒性。导致活性氧水平升高和谷胱甘肽水平降低。这种趋势在停止 THI 暴露后会持续一段时间。随着Hg的消除,细胞的氧化还原平衡呈现趋于稳定和恢复的趋势,但不能恢复到正常状态,表明THI对THP-1细胞具有长期慢性毒性。导致活性氧水平升高和谷胱甘肽水平降低。这种趋势在停止 THI 暴露后会持续一段时间。随着Hg的消除,细胞的氧化还原平衡呈现趋于稳定和恢复的趋势,但不能恢复到正常状态,表明THI对THP-1细胞具有长期慢性毒性。
更新日期:2023-03-03
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