This paper presents a new market-based framework to exploit distributed energy resources’ (DERs) flexibility in distribution and transmission systems. This framework targets intra-hourly flexibility requirements of energy systems. In this regard, a local market is operated in distribution network to exploit DERs’ capabilities. Local market is cleared in coordination with wholesale market to optimize DERs’ flexibility procurement for meeting intra-hourly variability and uncertainty in distribution and transmission systems. In the proposed framework, a technical virtual power plant (TVPP) operates day-ahead (DA) local energy and flexibility markets in which DER aggregators take part. Furthermore, the TVPP participates in DA wholesale energy and flexibility markets which are cleared by the market operator and the transmission system operator, respectively. In this framework, all agents’ preferences and their transactions are addressed using a bilevel model with multiple lower levels. The proposed model is reformulated into a mixed integer linear programming problem by utilizing strong duality theory, Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions and primal-dual counterpart. The model is implemented on an IEEE standard test system. The results demonstrate effectiveness of the framework in utilizing DERs’ capabilities to meet flexibility requirements as well as satisfying agents’ preferences.

中文翻译：

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利用 DER 在配电和输电系统接口中的灵活性规定

本文提出了一种新的基于市场的框架，以利用分布式能源 (DER) 在配电和传输系统中的灵活性。该框架针对能源系统的小时内灵活性要求。在这方面，本地市场在配电网络中运作以利用 DER 的能力。本地市场与批发市场协调出清，以优化 DER 的灵活性采购，以满足配电和传输系统中每小时的可变性和不确定性。在拟议的框架中，技术虚拟电厂 (TVPP) 运营日前 (DA) 本地能源和灵活性市场，DER 聚合商参与其中。此外，TVPP 参与由市场运营商和传输系统运营商清算的 DA 批发能源和灵活性市场，分别。在此框架中，所有代理的偏好及其交易都使用具有多个较低级别的双层模型来解决。利用强对偶理论、Karush-Kuhn-Tucker 最优条件和原始对偶模型，将所提出的模型重新表述为混合整数线性规划问题。该模型在 IEEE 标准测试系统上实现。结果证明了该框架在利用 DER 的能力来满足灵活性要求以及满足代理人偏好方面的有效性。Karush-Kuhn-Tucker 最优条件和原始对偶对应项。该模型在 IEEE 标准测试系统上实现。结果证明了该框架在利用 DER 的能力来满足灵活性要求以及满足代理人偏好方面的有效性。Karush-Kuhn-Tucker 最优条件和原始对偶对应项。该模型在 IEEE 标准测试系统上实现。结果证明了该框架在利用 DER 的能力来满足灵活性要求以及满足代理人偏好方面的有效性。