Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are ubiquitous in all modern portable electronic devices such as mobile phones and laptops as well as for powering hybrid electric vehicles and other large-scale devices. Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), which possess a similar cell configuration and working mechanism, have already been proven as ideal alternatives for large-scale energy storage systems. The advantages of NIBs are as follows. First, sodium resources are abundantly distributed in the earth’s crust. Second, high-performance NIB cathode materials can be fabricated by using solely inexpensive and noncritical transition metals such as manganese and iron, which further reduces the cost of the required raw materials. Recently, the unprecedented demand for lithium and other critical minerals has driven the cost of these primary raw materials (which are utilized in LIBs) to a historic high and thus triggered the commercialization of NIBs.

中文翻译：

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钠离子电池的层状氧化物阴极：存储机制、电化学和技术经济学

锂离子电池 (LIB) 在所有现代便携式电子设备中无处不在，例如手机和笔记本电脑，以及为混合动力电动汽车和其他大型设备提供动力。钠离子电池 (NIB) 具有类似的电池配置和工作机制，已被证明是大规模储能系统的理想替代品。NIB 的优点如下。首先，钠资源丰富地分布于地壳中。其次，高性能的NIB正极材料可以仅使用廉价且非关键的过渡金属如锰和铁来制造，这进一步降低了所需原材料的成本。最近，