Legume-supported cropping systems affect environmental, production, and economic impacts. In Europe, legume production is still marginal with grain legumes covering less than 3% of arable land. A transition towards legume-supported systems could contribute to a higher level of protein self-sufficiency and lower environmental impacts of agriculture. Suitable approaches for designing legume-supported cropping systems are required that go beyond the production of prescriptive solutions. We applied the DEED framework with scientists and advisors in 17 study areas in nine European countries, enabling us to describe, explain, explore, and redesign cropping systems. The results of 31 rotation comparisons showed that legume integration decreased N fertilizer use and nitrous oxide emissions (N₂O) in more than 90% of the comparisons with reductions ranging from 6 to 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and from 1 to 6 kg N₂O ha⁻¹, respectively. In over 75% of the 24 arable cropping system comparisons, rotations with legumes had lower nitrate leaching and higher protein yield per hectare. The assessment of above-ground biodiversity showed no considerable difference between crop rotations with and without legumes in most comparisons. Energy yields were lower in legume-supported systems in more than 90% of all comparisons. Feasibility and adaptation needs of legume systems were discussed in joint workshops and economic criteria were highlighted as particularly important, reflecting findings from the rotation comparisons in which 63% of the arable systems with legumes had lower standard gross margins. The DEED framework enabled us to keep close contact with the engaged research-farmer networks. Here, we demonstrate that redesigning legume-supported cropping systems through a process of close stakeholder interactions provides benefits compared to traditional methods and that a large-scale application in diverse study areas is feasible and needed to support the transition to legume-supported farming in Europe.

豆科植物支持的种植系统影响环境、生产和经济影响。在欧洲，豆类作物的产量仍然很低，豆类作物覆盖的耕地面积不到 3%。向豆科植物支持的系统过渡可能有助于提高蛋白质自给率和降低农业对环境的影响。需要用于设计豆科植物支持的种植系统的合适方法，而不仅仅是生产规定性解决方案。我们在 9 个欧洲国家的 17 个研究区域与科学家和顾问一起应用了 DEED 框架，使我们能够描述、解释、探索和重新设计种植系统。31 次轮作比较的结果表明，豆科植物的整合减少了氮肥的使用和一氧化二氮的排放（N ₂O) 在超过 90% 的比较中减少了 6 至 142 kg N ha ^-1和 1 至 6 kg N ₂ O ha ^-1， 分别。在超过 75% 的 24 种耕作系统比较中，豆类轮作具有较低的硝酸盐浸出和较高的每公顷蛋白质产量。对地上生物多样性的评估表明，在大多数比较中，有豆类和无豆类作物轮作之间没有显着差异。在超过 90% 的比较中，豆科植物支持的系统的能量产量较低。联合研讨会讨论了豆科植物系统的可行性和适应需求，经济标准被强调为特别重要，反映了轮作比较的结果，其中 63% 的豆科植物可耕系统具有较低的标准毛利率。DEED 框架使我们能够与从事研究的农民网络保持密切联系。这里，