Although parental overprotection is theorized to have lasting negative effects throughout a child’s life, there is limited empirical evidence available on its long-term significance on adolescent well-being. This preregistered, three-wave longitudinal study investigated the association of maternal and paternal perceived overprotection in early adolescence with the development of (mal)adaptive psychological, academic, and social functioning throughout adolescence. Data (N = 2229; 50.7% girls) from the longitudinal TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) in the Netherlands were used (M_age T1 = 11.11, T2 = 13.57, T3 = 16.28). At T1, adolescents reported on their mothers’ and fathers’ overprotection. From T1 to T3 adolescents and teachers reported about internalizing problems, academic achievement, prosocial, and antisocial behavior. The results showed concurrent associations between higher levels of perceived overprotection and higher levels of internalizing problems, antisocial behaviors, and (after controlling for parental warmth and rejection) lower levels of academic achievement. Perceived overprotection was positively associated with decreased internalizing problems over time. This longitudinal association disappeared after controlling for baseline levels of internalizing problems, suggesting that this result was less robust than expected. Mothers and fathers did not differ in their associations between perceived overprotection and (mal)adaptive functioning. The findings showed that perceived overprotection is mainly concurrently associated with (mal)adaptive adolescent functioning. Future research recommendations are discussed in terms of stability and bidirectional relations.

尽管从理论上讲，父母的过度保护会对孩子的一生产生持久的负面影响，但关于其对青少年幸福感的长期意义的实证证据有限。这项预先注册的三波纵向研究调查了青春期早期母亲和父亲感知到的过度保护与整个青春期（不良）适应性心理、学业和社会功能的发展之间的关系。 使用了来自荷兰纵向跟踪青少年个人生活调查 (TRAILS) 的数据（N = 2229；50.7% 为女孩）（ M_年龄T1 = 11.11，T2 = 13.57，T3 = 16.28）。在 T1，青少年报告了他们的母亲和父亲的过度保护。从 T1 到 T3 的青少年和教师报告了内化问题、学业成绩、亲社会和反社会行为。结果表明，较高水平的过度保护感知与较高水平的内化问题、反社会行为以及（在控制了父母的温暖和拒绝之后）较低水平的学业成绩之间存在关联。随着时间的推移，感知到的过度保护与内化问题的减少呈正相关。在控制内化问题的基线水平后，这种纵向关联消失了，这表明该结果不如预期稳健。母亲和父亲在感知到的过度保护和（不良）适应功能之间的关联上没有差异。研究结果表明，感知到的过度保护主要同时与（不良）适应性青少年功能相关。在稳定性和双向关系方面讨论了未来的研究建议。