We investigate a 2,000-year genetic transect through Scandinavia spanning the Iron Age to the present, based on 48 new and 249 published ancient genomes and genotypes from 16,638 modern individuals. We find regional variation in the timing and magnitude of gene flow from three sources: the eastern Baltic, the British-Irish Isles, and southern Europe. British-Irish ancestry was widespread in Scandinavia from the Viking period, whereas eastern Baltic ancestry is more localized to Gotland and central Sweden. In some regions, a drop in current levels of external ancestry suggests that ancient immigrants contributed proportionately less to the modern Scandinavian gene pool than indicated by the ancestry of genomes from the Viking and Medieval periods. Finally, we show that a north-south genetic cline that characterizes modern Scandinavians is mainly due to the differential levels of Uralic ancestry and that this cline existed in the Viking Age and possibly earlier.

中文翻译：

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从罗马铁器时代至今斯堪的纳维亚半岛的遗传史

我们基于来自 16,638 个现代个体的 48 个新的和 249 个已发表的古代基因组和基因型，研究了横跨斯堪的纳维亚半岛、从铁器时代至今 2,000 年的遗传横断面。我们发现来自三个来源的基因流动的时间和强度存在区域差异：波罗的海东部、不列颠-爱尔兰群岛和南欧。自维京时期起，英国-爱尔兰血统就在斯堪的纳维亚半岛广泛传播，而东波罗的海血统则更多地集中在哥特兰岛和瑞典中部。在一些地区，当前外来血统水平的下降表明，古代移民对现代斯堪的纳维亚基因库的贡献比例低于维京和中世纪时期基因组血统所表明的比例。最后，我们表明，现代斯堪的纳维亚人特征的南北遗传谱系主要是由于乌拉尔血统水平的差异，并且该谱系存在于维京时代或更早。