Urban parks have been widely recognized for the critical functions they provide in enhancing health and wellbeing. However, parks are known to be inadequately provided and non-uniformly distributed in cities, leading to an increasing interest to examine spatial equity of park distribution. Such studies have mostly focused on the distributional attributes of park supply in determining spatial equity, while the role of residents’ demand is usually ignored or not adequately assessed. In addition, people’s preferences for park use were normally ignored and nearest parks were assumed as supplier of park services. Moreover, even though equity assessment is scale-dependent, few studies adopt a multi-scale assessment. We report on a study to address these gaps. A multi-scale Supply-Demand Equity Index (SDEI) was developed to assess spatial equity of park distribution from the perspective of supply and demand interactions, and data were collected at a fine scale of neighborhood level. Residents’ accessibility to their most often used parks and nearest parks were used to assess and compare supply level; while residents’ perceptions obtained from surveys and population density were used to assess and compare demand level. Results showed that supply measured by accessibility to most often used park more accurately reflects supply, and demand assessment on the basis of perception could reflect variations among different social groups and reveal otherwise hidden patterns of spatial inequity. It was also shown that SDEI could identify areas where mismatch between supply and demand occurs. We demonstrated in a single study that different definitions and approaches of quantifying spatial equity can lead to distinct conclusions, therein highlighting that the complex nature of equity requires nuanced approaches and providing a broader view of equity assessment. In addition, the implications of this study for urban park planning and management were highlighted.

城市公园因其在增强健康和福祉方面提供的关键功能而得到广泛认可。然而，众所周知，公园在城市中供应不足且分布不均匀，导致人们越来越关注检查公园分布的空间公平性。此类研究主要关注公园供应的分布属性在确定空间公平性方面的作用，而居民需求的作用通常被忽视或未得到充分评估。此外，人们对公园使用的偏好通常被忽略，最近的公园被假定为公园服务的提供者。此外，尽管公平评估依赖于尺度，但很少有研究采用多尺度评估。我们报告了一项旨在解决这些差距的研究。开发了多尺度供需公平指数 (SDEI)，以从供需相互作用的角度评估公园分布的空间公平性，并在邻里级别的精细尺度上收集数据。居民最常使用的公园和最近的公园的可达性被用来评估和比较供应水平；而从调查和人口密度中获得的居民看法被用来评估和比较需求水平。结果表明，以最常用公园的可达性衡量的供给更准确地反映了供给，而基于感知的需求评估可以反映不同社会群体之间的差异，并揭示空间不平等的隐藏模式。还表明，SDEI 可以识别供需不匹配的区域。我们在一项研究中证明，量化空间公平的不同定义和方法可以得出不同的结论，其中强调公平的复杂性需要细致入微的方法，并提供更广泛的公平评估观点。此外，强调了这项研究对城市公园规划和管理的影响。