The term “Hyksos” commonly refers to the foreign dynasty that inhabited and held power in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, ca. 1650–1550 BCE. The later historian Manetho described the Hyksos as invading foreigners, and this view persisted until the modern period. Recent research has integrated archaeological, artistic, and textual evidence revealing the Hyksos origin and presence in Egypt to be more complex than previously envisioned. To investigate the provenance of the so-called Hyksos, human remains from Tell el-Dab’a, the ancient Hyksos capital of Avaris, were analyzed using Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System dental nonmetric traits. An intra- and intersite biodistance analysis of individuals from Tell el-Dab’a (n = 92) and other contemporary sites in the Near East (n = 285) was conducted. Two statistical tests, mean measure of divergence and Gower distance analysis, were selected. The archaeological and biological evidence suggests continued occupation spanning from the end of the Middle Kingdom through the Hyksos dynasty, offering further evidence contra Manetho, who described a sudden invasion. The intersite analysis supports the archaeological finds from Tell el-Dab’a, suggesting that not only commodities but also people made their way to Tell el-Dab’a.

中文翻译：

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谁是希克索斯人？

“希克索斯”一词通常指的是第二中间时期居住在埃及并掌权的外国王朝，约 2000 年。公元前 1650-1550 年。后来的历史学家马内托将希克索斯人描述为入侵的外族人，这种观点一直延续到现代。最近的研究整合了考古、艺术和文本证据，揭示了喜克索斯人在埃及的起源和存在比以前想象的要复杂得多。为了调查所谓的 Hyksos 的起源，使用亚利桑那州立大学牙科人类学系统的牙科非度量特征分析了 Tell el-Dab'a（阿瓦里斯的古 Hyksos 首府）的人类遗骸。对来自 Tell el-Dab'a（n = 92）和近东其他当代遗址的个体进行的站内和站间生物距离分析（n = 285) 进行了。选择了两个统计测试，即分歧的平均测量和高尔距离分析。考古和生物学证据表明，从中王国末期到希克索斯王朝，该地区一直处于占领状态，这为描述突然入侵的曼涅托提供了进一步的证据。站点间分析支持 Tell el-Dab'a 的考古发现，表明不仅有商品，还有人前往 Tell el-Dab'a。