Liquids are of overarching importance for the atmosphere, as 72% of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans, a large number of liquid aerosol particles fill the air, and clouds hold a tiny but critical fraction of Earth’s water in the air to influence our climate and hydrology, enabling the lives of humans and ecosystems. The surfaces of these liquids provide the interface for the transfer of gases, for nucleation processes, and for catalyzing important chemical reactions. Coupling a range of spectroscopic tools to liquid microjets has become an important approach to better understanding dynamics, structure, and chemistry at liquid interfaces. Liquid microjets offer stability in vacuum and ambient pressure environments, thus also allowing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with manageable efforts in terms of differential pumping. Liquid microjets are operated at speeds sufficient to allow for a locally equilibrated surface in terms of water dynamics and solute surface partitioning. XPS is based on the emission of core-level electrons, the binding energy of which is selective for the element and its chemical environment. Inelastic scattering of electrons establishes the probing depth of XPS in the nanometer range and thus its surface sensitivity.

中文翻译：

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大气液-气界面溶质的溶剂化、表面倾向和化学反应

液体对大气至关重要，因为地球表面 72% 被海洋覆盖，大量液态气溶胶颗粒充满空气，而云层在空气中保留了一小部分地球水，影响着我们的气候和水文学，使人类和生态系统的生活成为可能。这些液体的表面为气体传输、成核过程和催化重要化学反应提供了界面。将一系列光谱工具与液体微射流耦合已成为更好地理解液体界面动力学、结构和化学的重要方法。液体微射流在真空和环境压力环境中提供稳定性，因此也允许 X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS) 在差分泵送方面具有可管理的努力。液体微射流以足以在水动力学和溶质表面分配方面允许局部平衡表面的速度运行。XPS 基于核心能级电子的发射，其结合能对元素及其化学环境具有选择性。电子的非弹性散射确定了 XPS 在纳米范围内的探测深度，从而确定了它的表面灵敏度。