Comprehenders predict what a speaker is likely to say when listening to non-native (L2) and native (L1) utterances. But what are the characteristics of L2 prediction, and how does it relate to L1 prediction? We addressed this question in a visual-world eye-tracking experiment, which tested when L2 English comprehenders integrated perspective into their predictions. Male and female participants listened to male and female speakers producing sentences (e.g., I would like to wear the nice…) about stereotypically masculine (target: tie; distractor: drill) and feminine (target: dress; distractor: hairdryer) objects. Participants predicted associatively, fixating objects semantically associated with critical verbs (here, the tie and the dress). They also predicted stereotypically consistent objects (e.g., the tie rather than the dress, given the male speaker). Consistent predictions were made later than associative predictions, and were delayed for L2 speakers relative to L1 speakers. These findings suggest prediction involves both automatic and non-automatic stages.

中文翻译：

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非母语人士预测两个阶段的证据：视觉世界眼动追踪研究

理解者预测说话者在听非母语 (L2) 和母语 (L1) 话语时可能会说什么。但是 L2 预测的特点是什么，它与 L1 预测有什么关系呢？我们在视觉世界眼动追踪实验中解决了这个问题，该实验测试了 L2 英语理解者何时将视角整合到他们的预测中。男性和女性参与者听取男性和女性说话者的句子（例如，我想穿漂亮的……）关于刻板印象中的男性化（目标：领带；干扰项：钻头）和女性化（目标：连衣裙；干扰项：吹风机）对象。参与者进行联想预测，固定与关键动词语义相关的对象（这里是领带和裙子）。他们还预测了刻板印象一致的对象（例如，给定的男性说话者是领带而不是衣服）。一致的预测晚于联想预测，并且相对于 L1 说话者而言，L2 说话者被延迟。这些发现表明预测涉及自动和非自动阶段。