Observation and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Alkaline Gases in Urban Beijing,Environmental Science & Technology

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Observation and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Alkaline Gases in Urban Beijing
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 11.4 ) Pub Date : 2022-11-28 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03584
Shengnan Zhu ₁ , Chao Yan _{2,

3,

4} , Jun Zheng ₁ , Chen Chen ₅ , Heshan Ning ₅ , Dongsen Yang ₁ , Ming Wang ₁ , Yan Ma _{1,

5} , Junlei Zhan ₃ , Chenjie Hua ₃ , Rujing Yin ₆ , Yuyang Li ₆ , Yongchun Liu ₃ , Jingkun Jiang ₆ , Lei Yao ₇ , Lin Wang ₇ , Markku Kulmala _{2,

3,

4} , Douglas R Worsnop ₈

Affiliation

School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing210044, China.
Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research (JirLATEST), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China.
Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China.
Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki00014, Finland.
NUIST Reading Academy, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing210044, China.
State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China.
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, China.
Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts01821, United States.

Alkaline gases, including NH₃, C_1–3-amines, C_1–3-amides, and C_1–3-imines, were measured in situ using a water cluster-CIMS in urban Beijing during the wintertime of 2018, with a campaign average of 2.8 ± 2.0 ppbv, 5.2 ± 4.3, 101.1 ± 94.5, and 5.2 ± 5.4 pptv, respectively. Source apportionment analysis constrained by emission profiles of in-use motor vehicles was performed using a SoFi-PMF software package, and five emission sources were identified as gasoline-powered vehicles (GV), diesel-powered vehicles (DV), septic system emission (SS), soil emission (SE), and combustion-related sources (CS). SS was the dominant NH₃ source (60.0%), followed by DV (18.6%), SE (13.1%), CS (4.3%), and GV (4.0%). GV and DV were responsible for 69.9 and 85.2% of C₁- and C₂-amines emissions, respectively. Most of the C₃-amines were emitted from nonmotor vehicular sources (SS = 61.3%; SE = 17.8%; CS = 9.1%). DV accounted for 71.9 and 34.1% of C₁- and C₂-amides emissions, respectively. CS was mainly comprised of amides and imines, likely originating from the pyrolysis of nitrogen-containing compounds. Our results suggested that motor vehicle exhausts can not only contribute to criteria air pollutants emission but also promote new particle formation, which has not been well recognized and considered in current regulations. Urban residential septic system was the predominant contributor to background NH₃. Enhanced NH₃ emissions from soil and combustion-related sources were the major cause of PM_2.5 buildup during the haze events. Combustion-related sources, together with motor vehicles, were responsible for most of the observed amides and imines and may be of public health concern within the vicinity of these sources.

更新日期：2022-11-28

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