Organic livestock farming can help to make agroecosystems more sustainable. We hypothesized, however, that not all organic farm management models contribute in the same way. One way to assess this is to perform energy analyses of livestock farms, establishing not only how efficient the systems are at producing goods and services for society, but also the investment in the fund elements that sustain the system itself and its environmental sustainability. But to be effective, such studies must go beyond a classic input-output analysis: they must also address the internal energy flows that maintain the quality of agroecosystem fund elements as well as some ecosystem services they provide. In the present work, we implemented the energy return on investment methodology and combined classic economic energy indicators with new agroecological measurements that allow to assess the quality of agroecosystem fund elements. We applied these agroecological energy indicators to organic pig and beef cattle farms with the aim of differentiating the organic forms of management that best contribute to sustainability. This is the first time that this methodology has been applied on pig farms. Based on this methodology, we identified five management models of organic beef and pork production in Mediterranean systems that presented different degrees of sustainability. The most efficient and environmentally sustainable model was the breeding of beef cattle/pigs in agrosilvopastoral dehesa pasturelands. These dehesa systems include farms that are highly self-sufficient in terms of animal feed as well as farms that import certain feed stuffs because they fatten animals until slaughter. It was the breed together with the stocking densities that conditioned livestock functionality more than the livestock species orientation. The results allowed us to distinguish the various forms of organic livestock management implemented and their degree of sustainability, thus providing public policy orientations on the most efficient models.

有机畜牧业有助于提高农业生态系统的可持续性。然而，我们假设并非所有有机农场管理模式都以同样的方式做出贡献。评估这一点的一种方法是对畜牧场进行能源分析，不仅要确定系统在为社会生产商品和服务方面的效率，还要确定对维持系统本身及其环境可持续性的基金要素的投资。但要有效，此类研究必须超越经典的投入产出分析：它们还必须解决维持农业生态系统基金要素质量的内部能量流动及其提供的一些生态系统服务。在目前的工作中，我们实施了能源投资回报方法，并将经典的经济能源指标与新的农业生态测量相结合，以评估农业生态系统基金要素的质量。我们将这些农业生态能源指标应用于有机猪场和肉牛场，目的是区分最有助于可持续发展的有机管理形式。这是该方法首次应用于养猪场。基于这种方法，我们确定了地中海系统中有机牛肉和猪肉生产的五种管理模式，它们呈现出不同程度的可持续性。最有效和环境可持续的模式是在农林牧业中饲养肉牛/猪 我们将这些农业生态能源指标应用于有机猪场和肉牛场，目的是区分最有助于可持续发展的有机管理形式。这是该方法首次应用于养猪场。基于这种方法，我们确定了地中海系统中有机牛肉和猪肉生产的五种管理模式，它们呈现出不同程度的可持续性。最有效和环境可持续的模式是在农林牧业中饲养肉牛/猪 我们将这些农业生态能源指标应用于有机猪场和肉牛场，目的是区分最有助于可持续发展的有机管理形式。这是该方法首次应用于养猪场。基于这种方法，我们确定了地中海系统中有机牛肉和猪肉生产的五种管理模式，它们呈现出不同程度的可持续性。最有效和环境可持续的模式是在农林牧业中饲养肉牛/猪 我们确定了地中海系统中有机牛肉和猪肉生产的五种管理模式，它们呈现出不同程度的可持续性。最有效和环境可持续的模式是在农林牧业中饲养肉牛/猪 我们确定了地中海系统中有机牛肉和猪肉生产的五种管理模式，它们呈现出不同程度的可持续性。最有效和环境可持续的模式是在农林牧业中饲养肉牛/猪德赫萨牧场。这些 dehesa 系统包括在动物饲料方面高度自给自足的农场，以及进口某些饲料的农场，因为它们在屠宰前将动物养肥。品种和放养密度比牲畜物种定位更能影响牲畜的功能。结果使我们能够区分实施的各种形式的有机牲畜管理及其可持续性程度，从而为最有效的模型提供公共政策导向。