Flexible transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) play a critical role when achieving highly flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for potential applications such as wearable, portable, and aerospace power sources. Despite extensive exploration of electrode materials and substrate engineering, there have been few reports on flexible PSCs with both satisfactory performance and flexibility. Here, highly conductive indium-tin-oxide (ITO) based ultrathin TCEs are developed for highly efficient, and foldable perovskite solar cells and modules. By introducing an additional aluminum oxide (AlO_x) layer to the substrate, deformation-free ITO-based ultrathin (≈10 µm) TCEs are successfully fabricated. A champion flexible perovskite solar cell and module using ultrathin TCEs achieve efficiencies of 19.16% and 13.26% (aperture areas of 0.078 and 16 cm²), respectively, outperforming reference devices using commercial high-performing flexible TCEs. The modules maintain 100% and 92% of their initial performance after 10 000 bending cycles with a radius of 1 and 0.5 mm, respectively, which is unprecedented on module scale.

中文翻译：

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由机械工程超薄氧化铟锡电极实现的可折叠钙钛矿太阳能电池和模块

柔性透明导电电极 (TCE) 在实现可穿戴、便携式和航空航天电源等潜在应用的高度柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池 (PSC) 时起着至关重要的作用。尽管对电极材料和基板工程进行了广泛的探索，但关于具有令人满意的性能和柔韧性的柔性 PSC 的报道很少。在这里，基于高导电氧化铟锡 (ITO) 的超薄 TCE 被开发用于高效、可折叠的钙钛矿太阳能电池和模块。通过引入额外的氧化铝 (AlO _x) 层到基板上，成功制造了无变形的基于 ITO 的超薄 (≈10 µm) TCE。使用超薄 TCE 的冠军柔性钙钛矿太阳能电池和模块的效率分别为 19.16% 和 13.26%（孔径面积为 0.078 和 16 cm ²），优于使用商用高性能柔性 TCE 的参考器件。在半径分别为 1 毫米和 0.5 毫米的 10000 次弯曲循环后，这些模块分别保持了其初始性能的 100% 和 92%，这在模块规模上是前所未有的。