With the rapid development of flexible energy storage and wearable strain sensing, conductive hydrogels are attracting attention as electrolyte materials for flexible strain sensors and flexible supercapacitors due to their excellent flexibility and wetting properties. In this work, antifreezing hydrogels with high stretchability, adhesion, and conductivity are designed and prepared by introducing phosphoric acid solutions into polyacrylamide and chitosan systems. The multifunctional hydrogel samples prepared by this method can be used as both quasi-solid electrolytes and wearable strain sensors. The hydrogel-based supercapacitor shows a charge/discharge efficiency of 99.67% and a capacitance retention of 98.85% after 10 000 cycles charge/discharge tests at −30 °C. The tiny characteristic heartbeat wave forms are detected by the hydrogel as a flexible strain sensor. It is foreseeable that PCP multifunctional hydrogel can be a promising flexible material for a new generation of flexible sensors and flexible energy storage devices in a certain range of temperatures.

中文翻译：

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高度可拉伸、自修复和耐低温的双网络水凝胶离子导体作为柔性传感器和准固体电解质

随着柔性储能和可穿戴应变传感的快速发展，导电水凝胶作为柔性应变传感器和柔性超级电容器的电解质材料以其优异的柔韧性和润湿性而受到关注。在这项工作中，通过将磷酸溶液引入聚丙烯酰胺和壳聚糖体系，设计并制备了具有高拉伸性、粘附性和导电性的防冻水凝胶。通过该方法制备的多功能水凝胶样品既可以用作准固体电解质，也可以用作可穿戴应变传感器。基于水凝胶的超级电容器在 -30 °C 下经过 10 000 次循环充电/放电测试后显示出 99.67% 的充电/放电效率和 98.85% 的电容保持率。作为柔性应变传感器的水凝胶检测微小的特征心跳波形。可以预见，PCP多功能水凝胶在一定温度范围内，有望成为新一代柔性传感器和柔性储能器件的柔性材料。