INTRODUCTION Although justice system involvement increases the risk of negative outcomes for adolescents, many justice-involved youth desist from crime as adults (Sampson & Laub, 2005). There are few studies examining predictors of positive development in justice-involved adolescents. In the current study, we assess the influence of maternal and peer warmth on the development of well-being in adolescents involved in the US justice system over the course of 5 years. METHODS Participants included 1216 adolescent males who experienced their first arrest. Interviews were given every year for 5 years. Well-being was measured using the EPOCH questionnaire (Kern et al., 2016) and relationship warmth was measured using a scale adapted from Conger et al. (1994). Hypotheses were tested using latent curve models with structured residuals. RESULTS Baseline levels of well-being were associated with maternal (β = 0.49, p < .001) and peer warmth, β = 0.52, p < .001. When an individual's maternal warmth was higher than predicted given their maternal warmth trajectory, their subsequent well-being was higher than expected given their well-being trajectory, b = 0.07, p < .001. When an individual's peer warmth was higher than predicted, their subsequent well-being was higher than expected, b = 0.06, p < .001. These relations were reciprocal, such that well-being also predicted increased maternal and peer warmth. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that increasing maternal or peer warmth may have cascading effects on the well-being of justice-involved adolescents. Interventions for justice-involved youth may benefit from targeting factors that increase positive development for these youth.

中文翻译：

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涉及少年司法系统的青少年的幸福感与母亲和同伴温暖之间的相互关系。

简介 尽管司法系统的介入增加了青少年出现负面结果的风险，但许多涉及司法的青年在成年后不再犯罪（Sampson & Laub，2005 年）。很少有研究检查涉及司法的青少年积极发展的预测因素。在当前的研究中，我们评估了母亲和同伴的温暖在 5 年的时间里对美国司法系统中青少年的幸福感发展的影响。方法参与者包括 1216 名经历过第一次被捕的青少年男性。每年进行一次面试，持续 5 年。使用 EPOCH 问卷（Kern 等人，2016 年）测量幸福感，并使用改编自 Conger 等人的量表测量关系温暖程度。(1994)。使用具有结构化残差的潜在曲线模型对假设进行了检验。结果 幸福感的基线水平与母性 (β = 0.49, p < .001) 和同伴温暖 (β = 0.52, p < .001) 相关。当一个人的母性温暖高于其母性温暖轨迹的预测时，他们随后的幸福感高于其幸福轨迹的预期，b = 0.07，p <.001。当一个人的同伴温暖程度高于预期时，他​​们随后的幸福感也高于预期，b = 0.06，p < .001。这些关系是相互的，因此幸福感也预示着母性和同龄人的温暖程度会增加。结论 这些研究结果表明，增加母亲或同伴的温暖可能对涉及正义的青少年的福祉产生连锁反应。