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Vulcanization kinetics of natural rubber and strain softening behaviors of gum vulcanizates tailored by deep eutectic solvents
Polymer ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2022-11-11 , DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125504
Yihu Song, Guangxu Wu, Junbiao Peng, Chunsheng Zhang, Dangling Wang, Qiang Zheng

Rubber processing industries call for ecofriendly, green activators for reducing zinc oxide (ZnO) activator usages and volatile organic compounds emissions. Herein low cost deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are used for regulating vulcanization kinetics of natural rubber (NR) gums and for tailoring mechanical behaviors of the gum vulcanizates. A highly active DES based on choline chloride/thiourea (1/3) pair (CCT) is identified. Its combination with ZnO at lowered amounts allows preparation of high-strength vulcanizates at lowered vulcanization temperature. The 120 °C-cured vulcanizate containing 1 phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber) ZnO and 0.2 phr CCT demonstrates crosslinking density 105 mol/m3 and tensile strength 21 MPa, being higher than those (94 mol/m3 and 16 MPa) of the 140 °C-cured vulcanizate containing 2 phr ZnO activator. Normalization of deformational stress with respect to theoretical elastic modulus of ideal rubbery network reveals that stress (deformation energy) and softening at low strains are closely related to crosslinking density and strain-induced crystallization behavior. Crosslinking density could be independently regulated by introduction of DESs and by variation of vulcanization temperature, paving the way for tailoring elasticity and dissipation of vulcanizates manufactured in an energy-saving efficient vulcanization approach.



中文翻译:

低共熔溶剂定制的天然橡胶硫化动力学和硫化胶的应变软化行为

橡胶加工行业需要生态友好的绿色活化剂,以减少氧化锌 (ZnO) 活化剂的使用和挥发性有机化合物的排放。在此,低成本的低共熔溶剂 (DES) 用于调节天然橡胶 (NR) 胶的硫化动力学和调整胶硫化物的机械性能。确定了基于氯化胆碱/硫脲 (1/3) 对 (CCT) 的高活性 DES。它以较低的量与 ZnO 结合,可以在较低的硫化温度下制备高强度硫化橡胶。120℃硫化的硫化胶,含1phr(橡胶百份数)ZnO和0.2phr CCT交联密度为105 mol/m 3,拉伸强度为21 MPa,高于那些(94 mol/m 3和 16 MPa) 的 140 °C 硫化硫化橡胶含有 2 phr ZnO 活化剂。变形应力相对于理想橡胶网络的理论弹性模量的归一化表明,低应变下的应力(变形能)和软化与交联密度和应变诱导的结晶行为密切相关。可以通过引入 DES 和改变硫化温度来独立调节交联密度,从而为采用节能高效硫化方法制造的硫化橡胶定制弹性和耗散铺平了道路。

更新日期:2022-11-11
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