Background

Exposure to glyphosate, the most used herbicide in the United States, is not well characterized. We assessed glyphosate exposure in a representative sample of the U.S. population ≥ 6 years from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Methods

We quantified glyphosate in urine (N = 2,310) by ion chromatography isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. We conducted univariate analysis using log-transformed creatinine-corrected glyphosate concentrations with demographic and lifestyle covariates we hypothesized could affect glyphosate exposure based on published data including race/ethnicity, sex, age group, family income to poverty ratio, fasting time, sample collection season, consumption of food categories (including cereal consumption) and having used weed killer products. We used multiple logistic regression to examine the likelihood of glyphosate concentrations being above the 95th percentile and age-stratified multiple linear regression to evaluate associations between glyphosate concentrations and statistically significant covariates from the univariate analysis: race/ethnicity, sex, age group, fasting time, cereal consumption, soft drink consumption, sample collection season, and urinary creatinine.

Results

Glyphosate weighted detection frequency was 81.2 % (median (interquartile range): 0.392 (0.263–0.656) μg/L; 0.450 (0.266–0.753) μg/g creatinine). Glyphosate concentration decreased from age 6–11 until age 20–59 and increased at 60+ years in univariate analyses. Children/adolescents and adults who fasted > 8 h had significantly lower model-adjusted geometric means (0.43 (0.37–0.51) μg/L and 0.37 (0.33–0.39) μg/L) than those fasting ≤ 8 h (0.51 (0.46–0.56) μg/L and 0.44 (0.41–0.48) μg/L), respectively. The likelihood (odds ratio (95 % CI)) of glyphosate concentrations being > 95th percentile was 1.94 (1.06–3.54) times higher in people who fasted ≤ 8 h than people fasting > 8 h (P = 0.0318).

Conclusions

These first nationally representative data suggest that over four-fifths of the U.S. general population ≥ 6 years experienced recent exposure to glyphosate. Variation in glyphosate concentration by food consumption habits may reflect diet or lifestyle differences.

中文翻译：

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在美国接触草甘膦：来自 2013-2014 年全国健康和营养检查调查的数据

背景

草甘膦是美国最常用的除草剂，其暴露情况尚未得到很好的表征。我们从 2013-2014 年全国健康和营养检查调查中评估了 ≥ 6 岁美国人口代表性样本中的草甘膦暴露情况。

方法

我们通过离子色谱同位素稀释串联质谱法对尿液中的草甘膦 (N = 2,310) 进行了量化。我们使用对数转换的肌酐校正草甘膦浓度与我们假设可能影响草甘膦暴露的人口统计学和生活方式协变量进行了单变量分析，这些协变量基于已发布的数据，包括种族/民族、性别、年龄组、家庭收入与贫困率、禁食时间、样本采集季节、食品类别的消费（包括谷物消费）和使用过除草剂产品。我们使用多元逻辑回归来检查草甘膦浓度高于第 95 个百分位数的可能性，并使用年龄分层多元线性回归来评估草甘膦浓度与单变量分析中具有统计学意义的协变量之间的关联：种族/民族，

结果

草甘膦加权检测频率为 81.2%（中值（四分位数间距）：0.392 (0.263–0.656) μg/L；0.450 (0.266–0.753) μg/g 肌酐）。在单变量分析中，草甘膦浓度从 6-11 岁一直下降到 20-59 岁，并在 60 岁以上时增加。禁食时间 > 8 小时的儿童/青少年和成人的模型调整几何平均值（0.43（0.37–0.51）微克/升和 0.37（0.33–0.39）微克/升）显着低于禁食时间≤8 小时的儿童/青少年和成人（0.51（0.46–0.46– 0.56) 微克/升和 0.44 (0.41–0.48) 微克/升）。禁食 ≤ 8 小时的人草甘膦浓度 > 95% 的可能性（比值比 (95% CI)）是禁食 > 8 小时的人的 1.94 (1.06–3.54) 倍 (P = 0.0318)。

结论

这些首批具有全国代表性的数据表明，超过五分之四的 6 岁以上的美国总人口近期接触过草甘膦。食物消费习惯引起的草甘膦浓度变化可能反映了饮食或生活方式的差异。