Background

Sided games (i.e., small sided, medium sided, large sided) involve tactical, technical, physical, and psychological elements and are commonly implemented in soccer training. Although soccer sided-games research is plentiful, a meta-analytical synthesis of external load exposure during sided games is lacking.

Objective

The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to: (1) synthesize the evidence on high-speed and sprint running exposure induced by sided games in adult soccer players, (2) establish pooled estimates and intra-individual reliability for high-speed and sprint running exposure, and (3) explore the moderating effects of game format and playing constraints.

Methods

A literature search was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines. Four databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science Core Collection) were systematically searched up to 25 January, 2022. Eligibility criteria were adult soccer players (population); training programs incorporating sided games (intervention); game manipulations including number of players, pitch dimension, and game orientation (comparator); and high-speed, very high-speed, and sprint relative (m\(\cdot\)min⁻¹) running distances and associated intra-individual reliability (outcome). Eligible study risk of bias was evaluated using RoBANS. Pooled estimates for high-speed and sprint running exposure, and their intra-individual reliability, along with the moderating effect of tracking device running velocity thresholds, pitch dimension (i.e., area per player), and game orientation (i.e. score or possession), were determined via a multi-level mixed-effects meta-analysis. Estimate uncertainty is presented as 95% compatibility intervals (CIs) with the likely range of relative distances in similar future studies determined via 95% prediction intervals.

Results

A total of 104 and 7 studies met our eligibility criteria for the main and reliability analyses, respectively. The range of relative distances covered across small-sided games, medium-sided games, and large-sided games was 14.8 m\(\cdot\)min⁻¹ (95% CI 12.3–17.4) to 17.2 m\(\cdot\)min⁻¹ (95% CI 13.5–20.8) for high-speed running, 2.7 m\(\cdot\)min⁻¹ (95% CI 1.8–3.5) to 3.6 m\(\cdot\)min⁻¹ (95% CI 2.3–4.8) for very high-speed running, and 0.2 m\(\cdot\)min⁻¹ (95% CI 0.1–0.4) to 0.7 m\(\cdot\)min⁻¹ (95% CI 0.5–0.9) for sprinting. Across different game formats, 95% prediction intervals showed future exposure for high-speed, very high-speed running, and sprinting to be 0–46.5 m\(\cdot\)min⁻¹, 0–14.2 m\(\cdot\)min⁻¹, and 0–2.6 m\(\cdot\)min⁻¹, respectively. High-speed, very high-speed running, and sprinting showed poor reliability with a pooled coefficient of variation of 22.8% with distances being moderated by device speed thresholds, pitch dimension, and game orientation.

Conclusions

This review is the first to provide a detailed synthesis of exposure and intra-individual reliability of high-speed and sprint running during soccer sided games. Our estimates, along with the moderating influence of common programming variables such as velocity thresholds, area per player, and game orientation should be considered for informed planning of small-sided games, medium-sided games, and large-sided games soccer training.

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中文翻译：

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量化足球运动员边场比赛训练中高速和冲刺跑的暴露和个体内可靠性：系统回顾和荟萃分析

背景

单边比赛（即小单、中单、大单）涉及战术、技术、身体和心理要素，通常在足球训练中实施。尽管足球比赛的研究很丰富，但缺乏对比赛期间外部负荷暴露的元分析综合。

客观的

本系统评价和荟萃分析的目的是：(1) 综合成年足球运动员双打比赛引起的高速和短跑暴露的证据，(2) 建立汇总估计和个体内部可靠性的高-速度和冲刺跑步曝光，以及 (3) 探索游戏形式和游戏限制的调节效果。

方法

根据系统评价和元分析 2020 指南的首选报告项目进行了文献检索。截至 2022 年 1 月 25 日，对四个数据库（PubMed/MEDLINE、Scopus、SPORTDiscus、Web of Science 核心合集）进行了系统搜索。资格标准是成年足球运动员（人口）；包含单边游戏的培训计划（干预）；游戏操作，包括玩家数量、球场尺寸和游戏方向（比较器）；和高速、非常高速和冲刺相对 (m \(\cdot\) min ⁻¹) 跑步距离和相关的个体内可靠性（结果）。使用 RoBANS 评估符合条件的研究偏倚风险。高速和短跑跑步暴露的汇总估计，以及它们的个体可靠性，以及跟踪设备跑步速度阈值、球场尺寸（即每个球员的面积）和比赛方向（即得分或控球）的调节作用，通过多层次混合效应荟萃分析确定。估计不确定性表示为 95% 相容区间 (CI)，在类似的未来研究中通过 95% 预测区间确定的可能的相对距离范围。

结果

共有 104 项和 7 项研究分别符合我们的主要分析和可靠性分析的资格标准。小边棋、中边棋和大边棋的相对距离范围为 14.8 m \(\cdot\) min ⁻¹ (95% CI 12.3–17.4) 到 17.2 m \(\cdot\ ) min ⁻¹ (95% CI 13.5–20.8) 对于高速运行，2.7 m \(\cdot\) min ⁻¹ (95% CI 1.8–3.5) 至 3.6 m \(\cdot\) min ⁻¹ ( 95% CI 2.3–4.8) 用于极高速运行，0.2 m \(\cdot\) min ⁻¹ (95% CI 0.1–0.4) 至 0.7 m \(\cdot\) min ⁻¹(95% CI 0.5–0.9) 用于短跑。在不同的比赛形式中，95% 的预测区间显示未来高速、超高速跑步和短跑的暴露量为 0–46.5 m \(\cdot\) min ⁻¹ , 0–14.2 m \(\cdot\ ) min ⁻¹和 0–2.6 m \(\cdot\) min ⁻¹。高速、超高速跑步和短跑表现出较差的可靠性，合并变异系数为 22.8%，距离受设备速度阈值、间距尺寸和游戏方向的影响。

结论

这篇综述首次提供了足球比赛中高速和短跑的暴露和个体内部可靠性的详细综合。我们的估计以及速度阈值、每个球员的面积和比赛方向等常见编程变量的调节影响，应考虑用于小型比赛、中型比赛和大型比赛足球训练的明智规划。

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