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Gender Stratification and Parental Stimulation of Children: Exploring Differences in Maternal and Paternal Practices
Journal of Child and Family Studies ( IF 2.784 ) Pub Date : 2022-10-29 , DOI: 10.1007/s10826-022-02444-5
Kenji Kitamura, Claudia Cappa, Nicole Petrowski, Lauren Pandolfelli, Suguru Mizunoya

Parents’ engagement in playing and learning is important for children’s development. Insufficient engagement of parents in such activities, however, has been reported in low- and middle-income countries. Additionally, there is evidence documenting that the extent of paternal stimulation is often much lower than that of maternal stimulation. The underlying reasons for such a difference, including those linked to levels of gender stratification or inequality within a society, have yet to be fully explored. Employing a cross-sectional analysis of a sample of 47 low- and middle-income countries with data between 2011 and 2016, the paper investigates the extent to which predictors linked to gender stratification theory influence the extent of parental stimulation with children in the home, and differences in maternal and paternal engagement. The analysis included seven country-level variables that are related to gender stratification in society as well as one country-level control variable (gross domestic product [GDP] per capita). Parental stimulation was measured in terms of the percentage of children aged 24–59 months whose mother or father engaged in certain activities such as singing or reading with them in the past 3 days. The analysis revealed that in all 47 countries, young children were more likely to receive stimulating care from their mothers than their fathers. On average, 34.7% of young children received four or more stimulating activities from their mothers compared to only 14.1% from their fathers. The results also showed that gender stratification in a society, especially within the economic, political, and reproductive autonomy domains, influences the proportion of children whose mothers/fathers were engaged in stimulating activities. Such factors, however, do not necessarily determine both parents’ behaviors in the direction expected by gender stratification theory.



中文翻译:

儿童的性别分层和父母刺激:探索母亲和父亲做法的差异

父母在游戏和学习中的参与对孩子的发展很重要。然而,据报道,低收入和中等收入国家的父母参与此类活动不足。此外,有证据表明,父亲的刺激程度通常远低于母亲的刺激程度。这种差异的根本原因,包括与社会性别分层或不平等程度有关的原因,还有待充分探讨。通过对 2011 年至 2016 年数据的 47 个低收入和中等收入国家的样本进行横断面分析,该论文调查了与性别分层理论相关的预测因素在多大程度上影响父母在家中对孩子的刺激程度,以及母亲和父亲参与的差异。该分析包括与社会性别分层相关的七个国家级变量以及一个国家级控制变量(人均国内生产总值 [GDP])。父母的刺激是根据 24-59 个月大的儿童的百分比来衡量的,这些儿童的母亲或父亲在过去 3 天内与他们一起参与了某些活动,例如唱歌或阅读。分析显示,在所有 47 个国家中,幼儿比父亲更有可能从母亲那里得到刺激性的照顾。平均而言,34.7% 的幼儿从母亲那里接受了四次或更多的刺激活动,而父亲的这一比例仅为 14.1%。结果还表明,社会中的性别分层,特别是在经济、政治和生殖自治领域,影响其母亲/父亲从事刺激性活动的儿童比例。然而,这些因素并不一定会决定父母双方的行为是否朝着性别分层理论所预期的方向发展。

更新日期:2022-10-30
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