Multi-atom cluster catalysts have turned out to be novel heterogeneous catalysts with atomic dispersion for electrochemical energy applications. Beyond a simple combination of single-atom catalysts, they could offer boosted activity as a result of the synergistic effects between adjacent atoms. Meanwhile, the multiple active sites in the catalytic center may render them versatile binding modes toward adsorbates and provide an opportunity for catalyzing complex reactions with diverse products. Herein, a comprehensive review of the recent development of multi-atom cluster catalysts for electrochemical energy applications is provided. Specifically, the origin of synergistic effects in multi-atom cluster catalysts and related modulation methods are illustrated and summarized. The introduction of multi-atom cluster catalysts to circumvent the scaling relationships as well as their potential for developing new descriptors is then discussed. Subsequently, the methods for fabricating multi-atom cluster catalysts and related characterization techniques are reviewed. This is followed by the discussion of their application in key electrochemical reactions such as water splitting, oxygen reduction, and carbon dioxide/monoxide reduction, as well as the real-time techniques for their mechanistic study. Finally, the future challenges and opportunities concerning the improvement of multi-atom cluster catalysts are outlined, which are essential to make such electrocatalysts viable for electrochemical energy conversion.

中文翻译：

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用于高效电催化的多原子簇催化剂

多原子簇催化剂已被证明是用于电化学能源应用的具有原子分散的新型非均相催化剂。除了单原子催化剂的简单组合之外，由于相邻原子之间的协同作用，它们还可以提供更高的活性。同时，催化中心的多个活性位点可以使它们对吸附物具有多种结合模式，并为催化与多种产物的复杂反应提供机会。本文全面回顾了用于电化学能源应用的多原子簇催化剂的最新发展。具体来说，阐述和总结了多原子簇催化剂中协同效应的起源和相关的调制方法。然后讨论了引入多原子簇催化剂以规避比例关系以及它们开发新描述符的潜力。随后，综述了多原子簇催化剂的制备方法和相关表征技术。随后讨论了它们在关键电化学反应中的应用，例如水分解、氧气还原和二氧化碳/一氧化碳还原，以及用于其机理研究的实时技术。最后，概述了改进多原子簇催化剂的未来挑战和机遇，这对于使这种电催化剂可用于电化学能量转换至关重要。综述了多原子簇催化剂的制备方法及相关表征技术。随后讨论了它们在关键电化学反应中的应用，例如水分解、氧气还原和二氧化碳/一氧化碳还原，以及用于其机理研究的实时技术。最后，概述了改进多原子簇催化剂的未来挑战和机遇，这对于使这种电催化剂可用于电化学能量转换至关重要。综述了多原子簇催化剂的制备方法及相关表征技术。随后讨论了它们在关键电化学反应中的应用，例如水分解、氧气还原和二氧化碳/一氧化碳还原，以及用于其机理研究的实时技术。最后，概述了改进多原子簇催化剂的未来挑战和机遇，这对于使这种电催化剂可用于电化学能量转换至关重要。以及用于机械研究的实时技术。最后，概述了改进多原子簇催化剂的未来挑战和机遇，这对于使这种电催化剂可用于电化学能量转换至关重要。以及用于机械研究的实时技术。最后，概述了改进多原子簇催化剂的未来挑战和机遇，这对于使这种电催化剂可用于电化学能量转换至关重要。