Government responses to the Covid-19 pandemic in the Nordic states—Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden—exhibit similarities and differences. This article investigates the extent to which crisis policymaking diverges from normal policymaking within the Nordic countries and whether variations between the countries are associated with the role of expertise and the level of politicization. Government responses are analyzed in terms of governance arrangements and regulatory instruments. Findings demonstrate some deviation from normal policymaking within and considerable variation between the Nordic countries, as Denmark, Finland, and to some extent Norway exhibit similar patterns with hierarchical command and control governance arrangements, while Iceland, in some instances, resembles the case of Sweden, which has made use of network-based governance. The article shows that the higher the influence of experts, the more likely it is that the governance arrangement will be network-based.

中文翻译：

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北欧政府对 Covid-19 大流行的反应：治理安排和监管工具变化的比较研究

北欧国家（丹麦、芬兰、冰岛、挪威和瑞典）政府对 Covid-19 大流行的反应既有相似之处，也有不同之处。本文研究了北欧国家内危机决策与正常决策的差异程度，以及国家之间的差异是否与专业知识的作用和政治化水平有关。从治理安排和监管工具的角度分析政府的反应。调查结果表明，内部决策与正常决策存在一定偏差，而且内部决策之间也存在相当大的差异。北欧国家，如丹麦、芬兰，以及某种程度上的挪威，都表现出类似的分层指挥和控制治理安排的模式，而冰岛在某些情况下，类似于瑞典的情况，利用了基于网络的治理。文章表明，专家的影响力越高，治理安排就越有可能网络化。