The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has threatened global mental health, both indirectly via disruptive societal changes and directly via neuropsychiatric sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Despite a small increase in self-reported mental health problems, this has (so far) not translated into objectively measurable increased rates of mental disorders, self-harm or suicide rates at the population level. This could suggest effective resilience and adaptation, but there is substantial heterogeneity among subgroups, and time-lag effects may also exist. With regard to COVID-19 itself, both acute and post-acute neuropsychiatric sequelae have become apparent, with high prevalence of fatigue, cognitive impairments and anxiety and depressive symptoms, even months after infection. To understand how COVID-19 continues to shape mental health in the longer term, fine-grained, well-controlled longitudinal data at the (neuro)biological, individual and societal levels remain essential. For future pandemics, policymakers and clinicians should prioritize mental health from the outset to identify and protect those at risk and promote long-term resilience.

2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 大流行已经威胁到全球心理健康，既通过破坏性的社会变化间接发生，也通过 SARS-CoV-2 感染后的神经精神后遗症直接发生。尽管自我报告的精神健康问题略有增加，但这（到目前为止）并未转化为客观可衡量的人口水平精神障碍、自我伤害或自杀率的增加。这可能表明有效的恢复力和适应性，但亚群之间存在很大的异质性，并且也可能存在时滞效应。就 COVID-19 本身而言，急性和急性神经精神后遗症都变得很明显，疲劳、认知障碍以及焦虑和抑郁症状的发生率很高，甚至在感染数月后也是如此。要了解 COVID-19 如何在长期内继续塑造心理健康，（神经）生物学、个人和社会层面的细粒度、控制良好的纵向数据仍然至关重要。对于未来的大流行病，政策制定者和临床医生应该从一开始就将心理健康放在首位，以识别和保护处于危险中的人，并促进长期的恢复能力。