Ferrofluids are made through the suspension of magnetic nanoparticles which are commonly used for the treatment of hyperthermia, malignant tumor treatment, magnetic cell separation, etc. These nanoparticles provide satisfactory results for the heat transport phenomena. Motivated by the applications of these nanoparticles, this study is performed for water-based nanofluid with a different type of magnetic nanoparticles for renewable energy and the development of the advanced cooling process of the radiator. Further, this study also talks about the impact of magnetized nanoparticles on natural convection flow occupied in a square cavity. The nanosized magnetic particles are mixed up in water to make a more convective flow. In this computational study, the momentum equation is updated with magnetohydrodynamics terms. The mathematical problem is achieved in the form of nonlinear complex partial differential equations which are simulated by using the renowned Galerkin finite element technique. The numerical code is validated with the previous study on the natural convection flow of viscous fluid in a square cavity and the verification procedure verified the good accuracy of the applied developed numerical code. The impact of the Hartmann number, Rayleigh number and the volume friction coefficient is discussed through contours and graphs. It is observed that nanofluids have more capacity to store energy as compared to regular fluids due to superior thermal transport properties. Moreover, the cobalt oxide (Co₃${\text{O}}_4)$ nanoparticles provide a greater heat transfer rate due to greater thermal conductivity as compared to other nanoparticles cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂${\text{O}}_4)$, magnetite (Fe₃${\text{O}}_4)$ and manganese–zinc–ferrite (Mn–Zn–Fe₂${\text{O}}_4)$. The heat transfer rate is increased by 30% for cobalt oxide, 18% for magnetite, 15% for manganese–zinc–ferrite and 12% for cobalt ferrite, respectively. Hence, the cobalt oxide nanoparticles which have a greater heat transfer rate can contribute to solar energy engineering and the advanced cooling process of the radiator.

铁磁流体是通过悬浮磁性纳米粒子制成的，常用于治疗热疗、恶性肿瘤治疗、磁性细胞分离等。这些纳米粒子为热传输现象提供了令人满意的结果。受这些纳米粒子应用的启发，本研究针对水基纳米流体与不同类型的磁性纳米粒子进行可再生能源和散热器先进冷却过程的开发。此外，本研究还讨论了磁化纳米粒子对方形空腔内自然对流流动的影响。纳米尺寸的磁性颗粒在水中混合以产生更强的对流。在此计算研究中，动量方程用磁流体动力学项更新。数学问题以非线性复杂偏微分方程的形式解决，这些方程是使用著名的 Galerkin 有限元技术模拟的。该数值代码通过先前对方形腔中粘性流体自然对流流动的研究进行了验证，验证程序验证了应用开发的数值代码的良好准确性。通过等高线和图表讨论哈特曼数、瑞利数和体积摩擦系数的影响。据观察，由于优异的热传输特性，与常规流体相比，纳米流体具有更多的能量储存能力。此外，氧化钴（Co 该数值代码通过先前对方形腔中粘性流体自然对流流动的研究进行了验证，验证程序验证了应用开发的数值代码的良好准确性。通过等高线和图表讨论哈特曼数、瑞利数和体积摩擦系数的影响。据观察，由于优异的热传输特性，与常规流体相比，纳米流体具有更多的能量储存能力。此外，氧化钴（Co 该数值代码通过先前对方形腔中粘性流体自然对流流动的研究进行了验证，验证程序验证了应用开发的数值代码的良好准确性。通过等高线和图表讨论哈特曼数、瑞利数和体积摩擦系数的影响。据观察，由于优异的热传输特性，与常规流体相比，纳米流体具有更多的能量储存能力。此外，氧化钴（Co 据观察，由于优异的热传输特性，与常规流体相比，纳米流体具有更多的能量储存能力。此外，氧化钴（Co 据观察，由于优异的热传输特性，与常规流体相比，纳米流体具有更多的能量储存能力。此外，氧化钴（Co_3个${\text{欧}}_{\mathrm{4个}})$与其他纳米颗粒钴铁氧体 (CoFe ₂${\text{欧}}_{\mathrm{4个}})$, 磁铁矿 (Fe ₃${\text{欧}}_{\mathrm{4个}})$和锰-锌-铁氧体（Mn-Zn-Fe ₂${\text{欧}}_{\mathrm{4个}})$. 氧化钴的传热率增加了 30%，磁铁矿增加了 18%，锰-锌-铁氧体增加了 15%，钴铁氧体增加了 12%。因此，具有更高传热速率的氧化钴纳米颗粒可以为太阳能工程和散热器的先进冷却过程做出贡献。