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An anodeless, mechanically flexible and energy/power dense sodium battery prototype
Energy & Environmental Science ( IF 32.5 ) Pub Date : 2022-09-30 , DOI: 10.1039/d2ee02115c
Miao Bai, Xiaoyu Tang, Siyuan Liu, Helin Wang, Yujie Liu, Ahu Shao, Min Zhang, Zhiqiao Wang, Yue Ma

Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) have aroused considerable attention as a viable technology for gigawatt-scale energy storage applications due to the lower cost of resources and theoretical energy density that surpasses that of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Nevertheless, the practical deployment of SMBs is burdened by the cation utilization inefficiency, dendritic deposit propagation, and unexploited energy potential due to the excessive use of inactive species (the pre-stored Na reservoir, massive deposition substrates and flooded electrolyte). Herein, we propose an enabling anode-less SMB design through carbothermal encapsulation of various zinc-containing multialloys (from ternary to medium/high entropy alloys, MEAs/HEAs) within the interweaved carbon nanotube (CNT) as the light weight, mechanically flexible Na deposition substrates. Upon Na–Zn alloying prior to the Na deposition process, the heterogeneous NaZn13 species could uniformly diffuse within the CNT, which effectively tailored the Na affinity of the deposition scaffold with the zero-nucleation overpotential. Both the theoretical modeling and experimental evaluations validate the preferential Na nucleation within the composite scaffold and the oriented deposit propagation along the nanotubes up to 10 mA h cm−2. As the presodiated Cu2NiZn@CNT substrate coupled with the NaVPO4F cathode (∼11.7 mg cm−2) in a proof-of-concept anode-less (N/P = 0.2), lean-electrolyte (20 μL mA h−1) model (20 mA h), a gravimetric energy density of 351.6 W h kg−1 at the maximized power output of 1335.5 W kg−1 (calculations based on the electroactive materials), and robust cycling (93.7% for 200 cycles) upon various geometric flexing states are simultaneously achieved. This work opens an uncharted territory of the MEA/HEAs derived mechanically flexible, light weight, sodiophilic scaffold, which thus leads to a quantum leap forward in feasible prototyping of energy-dense metallic batteries.

中文翻译:

无阳极、机械柔性和能量/功率密集的钠电池原型

钠金属电池(SMB)作为一种可用于千兆瓦级储能应用的可行技术引起了相当大的关注,因为其资源成本较低且理论能量密度超过了锂离子电池(LIB)。然而,SMB 的实际部署受到阳离子利用效率低下、树枝状沉积物传播以及由于过度使用非活性物质(预储存的 Na 储层、大量沉积基质和溢流电解质)而未开发的能量潜力的负担。在此,我们通过碳热封装各种含锌多元合金(从三元到中/高熵合金,MEAs/HEAs)在交织的碳纳米管 (CNT) 中作为重量轻、机械柔性的 Na,提出了一种无阳极 SMB 设计。沉积基板。13种物质可以在 CNT 内均匀扩散,这有效地调整了沉积支架的 Na 亲和力与零成核过电位。理论建模和实验评估都验证了复合支架内的优先 Na 成核和沿纳米管的定向沉积物传播高达 10 mAh cm -2。在P = 0.2)、贫电解质(20 μL mA h -1 ) 模型 (20 mA h),在 1335.5 W kg -1 的最大功率输出下,重量能量密度为 351.6 W h kg -1(基于电活性材料的计算)和在各种几何弯曲状态下的稳健循环(200 次循环的 93.7%)同时实现。这项工作开辟了 MEA/HEA 衍生的机械柔性、重量轻、亲钠支架的未知领域,从而在能量密集金属电池的可行原型设计方面实现了质的飞跃。
更新日期:2022-09-30
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