The prediction of future carbon(C) dynamics of grassland ecosystems requires knowledge of how warming and management practices (e.g., fertilization, grazing, and mowing) interact to affect C fluxes. In this study, we synthesized experimental data extracted from 350 observations from 64 publications to quantify the direction and magnitude of individual and interactive effects between climatic warming and grassland management practices on seven variables related to C fluxes. Warming significantly enhanced gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) by 9.81% and 16.43%, respectively. Similarly, fertilization significantly increased GPP, net primary productivity (NPP), aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), ER, and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) by 29.51%, 24.79%, 33.52%, 21.81%, and 33.89%, respectively. In contrast, grazing and mowing reduced ANPP by 19.95% and 22.83%, respectively. Furthermore, the combination of warming and fertilization significantly increased GPP and ANPP by 38.09% and 22.89%, respectively. More importantly, the results showed that additive interactions dominated the response of most of the studied variables, while synergistic interactions were found only for ANPP and ER to warming and fertilization. The responses of C fluxes to warming and management were strongly dependent on the environmental factors, experimental duration, and grassland types. Our meta-analysis highlights the importance of the interactions between warming and management on ecosystem C exchange. Therefore, incorporating these key interactions into future prediction models should enhance the accuracy of prediction of future climate change impacts on grassland ecosystems and inform the development of sustainable grassland management strategies.

预测草原生态系统未来的碳 (C) 动态需要了解变暖和管理实践（例如施肥、放牧和割草）如何相互作用以影响 C 通量。在这项研究中，我们综合了从 64 份出版物的 350 次观察中提取的实验数据，以量化气候变暖和草原管理实践之间对与 C 通量相关的七个变量的个体和交互影响的方向和幅度。变暖显着提高了总初级生产力 (GPP) 和生态系统呼吸 (ER)，分别提高了 9.81% 和 16.43%。同样，施肥显着提高了 GPP、净初级生产力 (NPP)、地上净初级生产力 (ANPP)、ER 和净生态系统交换 (NEE)，分别提高了 29.51%、24.79%、33.52%、21.81% 和 33.89%。相比之下，放牧和割草使 ANPP 分别降低了 19.95% 和 22.83%。此外，变暖和施肥的结合使GPP和ANPP分别显着提高了38.09%和22.89%。更重要的是，结果表明，加性相互作用主导了大多数研究变量的响应，而仅发现 ANPP 和 ER 对变暖和施肥的协同相互作用。C 通量对变暖和管理的响应在很大程度上取决于环境因素、实验持续时间和草地类型。我们的荟萃分析强调了变暖和管理之间相互作用对生态系统 C 交换的重要性。所以，