Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is known to be a promising technology to produce crude bio-oils as intermediate to drop-in transport fuels. However, the co-production of liquefaction wastewater (HTL-AP) and hydrochar residues (HCs) limits the economic viability and technical scalability. Hence, the objective of this work is to study the effect of catalysts $\text{NaOH, KOH,}{\text{Na}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CO}}_{\text{3}}\text{,}{\text{K}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CO}}_{\text{3}}\text{,}{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{PO}}_{\text{4}}\text{,}{\text{FeCl}}_{\text{3}}\text{and}{\text{Fe}}_{\text{2}}{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}$ in the HTL reaction medium and on the characteristics of derived crude bio-oils from wheat stem under subcritical conditions at 350 °C for 15 min. Likewise, the mentioned chemical agents were used to enhance the structural, morphological, and chemical surface properties of the HCs for the uptake of the organic adsorbates and nutrients from the HTL-AP. A yield of 30.85 wt.% crude bio-oil, having the highest HHV of 34.36 MJ/kg, and lowest 22.03 wt.% hydrochar are achieved under Na₂CO₃-catalyzed HTL. In contrast, the acidic and Fe-based catalysts revealed a lesser bio-oil yield because of the low pH, which promotes dehydration and polymerization reactions. Reduced Na, K, Fe, and S contents were found in H₃PO₄, FeCl_3, and Fe₂O₃-catalyzed biocrudes. This result supports the hypothesis of the in situ demetallation during HTL reaction due to their adsorption onto the mesoporous hydrochars with D_p = 13.77–33.58 nm. The removal efficiency levels for COD, TOC, phenols, total N, P, and dissolved K are 66.67–92.77%, 62.58–91.84%, 65.59–99.91%, 37.63–80.80%, 96.67–99.90%, and 45.57–92.36%, respectively after HTAL-AP treatement. The results demonstrate new insights and directions for the use of activated hydrochar as a low-cost adsorbent for HTL-AP remediation purposes.

众所周知，水热液化 (HTL) 是一种很有前途的技术，可以生产原油生物油作为运输燃料的中间体。然而，液化废水 (HTL-AP) 和水炭残渣 (HCs) 的联产限制了经济可行性和技术可扩展性。因此，这项工作的目的是研究催化剂的作用。$\text{氢氧化钠，氢氧化钾，}{\text{钠}}_{\text{2}}{\text{一氧化碳}}_{\text{3}}\text{,}{\text{ķ}}_{\text{2}}{\text{一氧化碳}}_{\text{3}}\text{,}{\text{H}}_{\text{3}}{\text{采购订单}}_{\text{4}}\text{,}{\text{氯化铁}}_{\text{3}}\text{和}{\text{铁}}_{\text{2}}{\text{○}}_{\text{3}}$在 HTL 反应介质中以及在 350°C 下亚临界条件下从小麦茎中提取的粗生物油的特性 350°C 15 分钟。同样，上述化学试剂用于增强 HC 的结构、形态和化学表面特性，以吸收 HTL-AP 中的有机吸附物和营养物质。_{在 Na 2} CO ₃催化的 HTL下，获得了 30.85 wt.% 的粗生物油，最高的 HHV 为 34.36 MJ/kg，最低的水炭为 22.03 wt.% 。相比之下，酸性和铁基催化剂由于低 pH 值而显示出较低的生物油产率，这促进了脱水和聚合反应。在 H ₃ PO ₄、 FeCl _{3 、}和Fe ₂ O ₃催化的生物原油。该结果支持HTL 反应过程中原位脱金属的假设，因为它们吸附在 D _p = 13.77-33.58 nm 的介孔水炭上。COD、TOC、酚类、总N、P和溶解K的去除 效率水平分别为66.67-92.77%、62.58-91.84%、65.59-99.91%、37.63-80.80%、96.67-99.90%和45.57-92.36% ，分别在 HTAL-AP 处理后。结果证明了使用活性水炭作为用于 HTL-AP 修复目的的低成本吸附剂的新见解和方向。