Anti-microbial resistance (AMR) has recently emerged as an area of high interest owing to the rapid surge of AMR phenotypes. Metal oxide NPs (MeONPs) have been identified as novel phytomedicine and have recently peaked a lot of interest due to their potential applications in combating phytopathogens, besides enhancing plant growth and yields. Numerous MeONPs (Ti₂O, MgO, CuO, Ag₂O, SiO₂, ZnO, and CaO) have been synthesized and tested to validate their antimicrobial roles without causing toxicity to the cells. This review discusses the application of the MeONPs with special emphasis on anti-microbial activities in agriculture and enlists how cellular toxicity caused through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production affects plant growth, morphology, and viability. This review further highlights the two-facet role of silver and copper oxide NPs including their anti-microbial applications and toxicities. Furthermore, the factor modulating nanotoxicity and immunomodulation for cytokine production has also been discussed. Thus, this article will not only provide the researchers with the potential bottlenecks but also emphasizes a comprehensive outline of breakthroughs in the applicability of MeONPs in agriculture.

由于 AMR 表型的迅速增加，抗菌素耐药性 (AMR) 最近成为一个备受关注的领域。金属氧化物 NPs (MeONPs) 已被确定为新型植物药物，并且由于它们在对抗植物病原体以及增强植物生长和产量方面的潜在应用，最近引起了人们的极大兴趣。多种 MeONP（Ti ₂ O、MgO、CuO、Ag ₂ O、SiO ₂、ZnO 和 CaO) 已被合成和测试，以验证它们的抗菌作用，而不会对细胞造成毒性。这篇综述讨论了 MeONPs 在农业中的应用，特别强调了抗微生物活性，并探讨了由活性氧 (ROS) 产生引起的细胞毒性如何影响植物生长、形态和活力。这篇综述进一步强调了银和氧化铜纳米粒子的两个方面的作用，包括它们的抗菌应用和毒性。此外，还讨论了调节细胞因子产生的纳米毒性和免疫调节的因素。因此，本文不仅将为研究人员提供潜在的瓶颈，而且还强调了 MeONPs 在农业适用性方面突破的全面概述。