In this study, characteristics of 10 m height wind speeds (W_sp10) and outdoor human thermal sensation taking wind speeds into account were studied over the period 1995–2021 considering 43 stations in Poland. For estimating hourly W_sp10 from wind speeds measured at different heights, first, the power law exponent was calculated using hourly 10 and 100 m wind speeds obtained from the ERA5 reanalysis project. The power law exponent was much smaller over the Baltic Sea compared to that over Poland. The power law exponent was often larger than 1/7 in Poland, and it varied spatiotemporally. During the period 1995–2021, at 19 of the 43 stations statistically significant monotonic linear trends were observed in W_sp10. It is speculated that land use changes may be one of the causes of these trends in W_sp10, although the land use–W_sp10 relationship was not straightforward. In all seasons, at all stations, except at Kasprowy Wierch (the most elevated station) daytime W_sp10 was higher than the night-time wind speed. In winter and autumn, the highest W_sp10 occurred around 1300 UTC. In spring and summer, the highest W_sp10 occurred after 1300 UTC. This was probably because in spring and summer the peak temperature occurs later. In all seasons, low/high W_sp10 values were more/less frequent. According to the Beaufort scale and the Parczewski scale, it was understood that both low and high extreme wind conditions have reduced over the period 1995–2021. The Effective Temperature scale indicated increasing/decreasing monotonic linear trends in relatively warm/cold thermal sensation categories. The Wind Chill Temperature exposure risk scale indicated decreasing monotonic linear trends in wind chill. The rising temperature and declining frequency of strong winds are seen as the main causes of these trends.

中文翻译：

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考虑风速影响的风速特征和室外热感觉：基于波兰1995-2021年小时数据的分析

在这项研究中，研究了 1995 年至 2021 年期间波兰 43 个站点的 10 米高度风速 ( W _sp10 ) 和考虑风速的室外人体热感觉的特性。为了根据在不同高度测量的风速估算每小时W _sp10，首先，使用从 ERA5 再分析项目获得的每小时 10 米和 100 米风速计算幂律指数。与波兰相比，波罗的海的幂律指数要小得多。波兰的幂律指数通常大于 1/7，并且随时间变化。在 1995 年至 2021 年期间，在 43 个站点中的 19 个站点中，在W _sp10中观察到具有统计显着性的单调线性趋势. 据推测，土地利用变化可能是W _sp10中这些趋势的原因之一，尽管土地利用与W _sp10的关系并不简单。在所有季节，在所有站点，除了 Kasprowy Wierch（最高的站点），白天W _sp10高于夜间风速。在冬季和秋季，最高W _sp10出现在 1300 UTC 左右。在春季和夏季，最高W _sp10出现在 1300 UTC 之后。这可能是因为春季和夏季的最高温度出现得较晚。在所有季节，低/高W _sp10值的频率更高/更低。根据 Beaufort 量表和 Parczewski 量表，据了解，在 1995 年至 2021 年期间，低风和高风条件均有所减少。有效温度标度表明相对温暖/寒冷的热感觉类别增加/减少单调线性趋势。风寒温度暴露风险量表表明风寒呈单调线性下降趋势。气温上升和强风频率下降被视为造成这些趋势的主要原因。